novel prokaryotic l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase is involved in cylindrospermopsin biosynthesis

• Published in: The FEBS journal 2010-09, Vol.277 (18), p.3844-3860
• Main Authors: Muenchhoff, Julia, Siddiqui, Khawar S, Poljak, Anne, Raftery, Mark J, Barrow, Kevin D, Neilan, Brett A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: amidinotransferase; Amidinotransferases - genetics; Amidinotransferases - metabolism; Bacterial Toxins; Catalytic Domain; Circular Dichroism; cyanobacterial toxin; Cylindrospermopsis - enzymology; Cylindrospermopsis - genetics; Cylindrospermopsis - metabolism; enzyme kinetics; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Weight; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Peptide Fragments - chemistry; Phylogeny; Protein Conformation; Protein Stability; Recombinant Fusion Proteins - genetics; Recombinant Fusion Proteins - metabolism; Sequence Alignment; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Substrate Specificity; Temperature; toxin biosynthesis; Uracil - analogs & derivatives; Uracil - biosynthesis
• ISSN: 1742-464X; 1742-4658
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07788.x

We report the first characterization of an l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase from a prokaryote. The enzyme, CyrA, is involved in the pathway for biosynthesis of the polyketide-derived hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii AWT205. CyrA is phylogenetically distinct from other amidinotransferases, and structural alignment shows differences between the active site residues of CyrA and the well-characterized human l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT). Overexpression of recombinant CyrA in Escherichia coli enabled biochemical characterization of the enzyme, and we confirmed the predicted function of CyrA as an l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase by ¹H NMR. As compared with AGAT, CyrA showed narrow substrate specificity when presented with substrate analogs, and deviated from regular Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the presence of the non-natural substrate hydroxylamine. Studies of initial reaction velocities and product inhibition, and identification of intermediate reaction products, were used to probe the kinetic mechanism of CyrA, which is best described as a hybrid of ping-pong and sequential mechanisms. Differences in the active site residues of CyrA and AGAT are discussed in relation to the different properties of both enzymes. The enzyme had maximum activity and maximum stability at pH 8.5 and 6.5, respectively, and an optimum temperature of 32 °C. Investigations into the stability of the enzyme revealed that an inactivated form of this enzyme retained an appreciable amount of secondary structure elements even on heating to 94 °C, but lost its tertiary structure at low temperature (Tmax of 44.5 °C), resulting in a state reminiscent of a molten globule. CyrA represents a novel group of prokaryotic amidinotransferases that utilize arginine and glycine as substrates with a complex kinetic mechanism and substrate specificity that differs from that of the eukaryotic l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferases.