Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models represen...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of occupational and organizational psychology 1999-12, Vol.72 (4), p.441-462
Main Authors: AVOLIO, B. J, BASS, B. M, JUNG, D. I
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
Behavior
Biological and medical sciences
Charisma
Comparison
Evaluation
Executive ability
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
International
Leadership
Management
Management reviews
Management styles
Measures
Occupations
Organization
Organization theory
Performance appraisals
Personnel selection
Principal components analysis
Psychology
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychometrics. Sociometry
Questionnaires
Social psychology
Statistical analysis
Studies
Transactional leadership
Transformational leadership
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by
cites
container_end_page 462
container_issue 4
container_start_page 441
container_title Journal of occupational and organizational psychology
container_volume 72
creator AVOLIO, B. J
BASS, B. M
JUNG, D. I
description A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher-order factors.
doi_str_mv 10.1348/096317999166789
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_764087021</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A60590518</galeid><sourcerecordid>A60590518</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-g406t-ffba8420f948d40fe06ec5082c41a96ba18f8e66cbbb8e22d03b7c61d22c95563</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0c1rFDEUAPAgCq7Vs9dBxV6cmq_Jx7EUq8JKUfQ8ZDIv25RMsiYzYPGfN8OuCNJqcgi8_PJ4Lw-h5wSfEcbVW6wFI1JrTYSQSj9AG4o5bxWj3UO0WW_beq0eoyel3OC6JJcb9PMLtPDDTD76uGvma2hsmvYpQpxLk1wzZxOLS3kys0_RhMbE8RA09hgJYEbI5drvm6X8zvJpCbN31aTcbP-AzwuU9Vk0PsNT9MiZUODZ8TxB3y7ffb340G6v3n-8ON-2O47F3Do3GMUpdpqrkWMHWIDtsKKWE6PFYIhyCoSwwzAooHTEbJBWkJFSq7tOsBN0esi7z-n7WkA_-WIhBBMhLaWXgmMlMSVVvv6n7KQSlAj9X8iUVIrKFb74C96kJddvKz3Rmmom9Frgy3uRYJwQXdut6s1B7UyA3keX6hzsDiJkE-rEnK_hc4E7jTuy8vYOXvcIk7d3-VfHIkyxJrg6Y-tLv89-Mvm2J7VvwST7BZrbwi0</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>199293696</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire</title><source>EBSCOhost Business Source Ultimate</source><source>Applied Social Sciences Index &amp; Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</source><source>ABI/INFORM global</source><source>Wiley</source><source>Social Science Premium Collection</source><source>Sociology Collection</source><creator>AVOLIO, B. J ; BASS, B. M ; JUNG, D. I</creator><creatorcontrib>AVOLIO, B. J ; BASS, B. M ; JUNG, D. I</creatorcontrib><description>A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher-order factors.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0963-1798</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2044-8325</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1348/096317999166789</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JOCCEF</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Leicester: British Psychological Society</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Behavior ; Biological and medical sciences ; Charisma ; Comparison ; Evaluation ; Executive ability ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; International ; Leadership ; Management ; Management reviews ; Management styles ; Measures ; Occupations ; Organization ; Organization theory ; Performance appraisals ; Personnel selection ; Principal components analysis ; Psychology ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Psychometrics. Sociometry ; Questionnaires ; Social psychology ; Statistical analysis ; Studies ; Transactional leadership ; Transformational leadership</subject><ispartof>Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 1999-12, Vol.72 (4), p.441-462</ispartof><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1999 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright British Psychological Society Dec 1999</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/199293696/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/199293696?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,11688,12846,12847,21394,21395,27924,27925,30999,31000,33223,33224,33611,33612,34530,34531,36060,36061,43733,44115,44363,74221,74639,74895</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=1216637$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>AVOLIO, B. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BASS, B. M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JUNG, D. I</creatorcontrib><title>Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire</title><title>Journal of occupational and organizational psychology</title><description>A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher-order factors.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Charisma</subject><subject>Comparison</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Executive ability</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>International</subject><subject>Leadership</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Management reviews</subject><subject>Management styles</subject><subject>Measures</subject><subject>Occupations</subject><subject>Organization</subject><subject>Organization theory</subject><subject>Performance appraisals</subject><subject>Personnel selection</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Psychology</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Psychometrics. Sociometry</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Social psychology</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Transactional leadership</subject><subject>Transformational leadership</subject><issn>0963-1798</issn><issn>2044-8325</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1999</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>8BJ</sourceid><sourceid>ALSLI</sourceid><sourceid>HEHIP</sourceid><sourceid>M0C</sourceid><sourceid>M2S</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0c1rFDEUAPAgCq7Vs9dBxV6cmq_Jx7EUq8JKUfQ8ZDIv25RMsiYzYPGfN8OuCNJqcgi8_PJ4Lw-h5wSfEcbVW6wFI1JrTYSQSj9AG4o5bxWj3UO0WW_beq0eoyel3OC6JJcb9PMLtPDDTD76uGvma2hsmvYpQpxLk1wzZxOLS3kys0_RhMbE8RA09hgJYEbI5drvm6X8zvJpCbN31aTcbP-AzwuU9Vk0PsNT9MiZUODZ8TxB3y7ffb340G6v3n-8ON-2O47F3Do3GMUpdpqrkWMHWIDtsKKWE6PFYIhyCoSwwzAooHTEbJBWkJFSq7tOsBN0esi7z-n7WkA_-WIhBBMhLaWXgmMlMSVVvv6n7KQSlAj9X8iUVIrKFb74C96kJddvKz3Rmmom9Frgy3uRYJwQXdut6s1B7UyA3keX6hzsDiJkE-rEnK_hc4E7jTuy8vYOXvcIk7d3-VfHIkyxJrg6Y-tLv89-Mvm2J7VvwST7BZrbwi0</recordid><startdate>19991201</startdate><enddate>19991201</enddate><creator>AVOLIO, B. J</creator><creator>BASS, B. M</creator><creator>JUNG, D. I</creator><general>British Psychological Society</general><general>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>HAWNG</scope><scope>HBMBR</scope><scope>IOIBA</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>0U~</scope><scope>1-H</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88C</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8BF</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>AXJJW</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>FREBS</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.0</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0Q</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>K6X</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19991201</creationdate><title>Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire</title><author>AVOLIO, B. J ; BASS, B. M ; JUNG, D. I</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g406t-ffba8420f948d40fe06ec5082c41a96ba18f8e66cbbb8e22d03b7c61d22c95563</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1999</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Charisma</topic><topic>Comparison</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>Executive ability</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>International</topic><topic>Leadership</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Management reviews</topic><topic>Management styles</topic><topic>Measures</topic><topic>Occupations</topic><topic>Organization</topic><topic>Organization theory</topic><topic>Performance appraisals</topic><topic>Personnel selection</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Psychology</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Psychometrics. Sociometry</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Social psychology</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Transactional leadership</topic><topic>Transformational leadership</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>AVOLIO, B. J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>BASS, B. M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JUNG, D. I</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 13</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 14</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 29</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>Global News &amp; ABI/Inform Professional</collection><collection>Trade PRO</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index &amp; Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>European Business Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Asian &amp; European Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Asian &amp; European Business Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Standard</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM global</collection><collection>European Business Database</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><jtitle>Journal of occupational and organizational psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>AVOLIO, B. J</au><au>BASS, B. M</au><au>JUNG, D. I</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire</atitle><jtitle>Journal of occupational and organizational psychology</jtitle><date>1999-12-01</date><risdate>1999</risdate><volume>72</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>441</spage><epage>462</epage><pages>441-462</pages><issn>0963-1798</issn><eissn>2044-8325</eissn><coden>JOCCEF</coden><abstract>A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, nine models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of nine samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of five samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by six lower order factors and three correlated higher-order factors.</abstract><cop>Leicester</cop><pub>British Psychological Society</pub><doi>10.1348/096317999166789</doi><tpages>22</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0963-1798
ispartof Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 1999-12, Vol.72 (4), p.441-462
issn 0963-1798
2044-8325
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_764087021
source EBSCOhost Business Source Ultimate; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS); ABI/INFORM global; Wiley; Social Science Premium Collection; Sociology Collection
subjects Analysis
Behavior
Biological and medical sciences
Charisma
Comparison
Evaluation
Executive ability
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
International
Leadership
Management
Management reviews
Management styles
Measures
Occupations
Organization
Organization theory
Performance appraisals
Personnel selection
Principal components analysis
Psychology
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychometrics. Sociometry
Questionnaires
Social psychology
Statistical analysis
Studies
Transactional leadership
Transformational leadership
title Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-29T20%3A10%3A22IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Re-examining%20the%20components%20of%20transformational%20and%20transactional%20leadership%20using%20the%20Multifactor%20Leadership%20Questionnaire&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20occupational%20and%20organizational%20psychology&rft.au=AVOLIO,%20B.%20J&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=441&rft.epage=462&rft.pages=441-462&rft.issn=0963-1798&rft.eissn=2044-8325&rft.coden=JOCCEF&rft_id=info:doi/10.1348/096317999166789&rft_dat=%3Cgale_proqu%3EA60590518%3C/gale_proqu%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g406t-ffba8420f948d40fe06ec5082c41a96ba18f8e66cbbb8e22d03b7c61d22c95563%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=199293696&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_galeid=A60590518&rfr_iscdi=true