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Maize DELLA Proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development
DELLA proteins are nuclear-localized negative regulators of gibberellin signaling found ubiquitously throughout higher plants. Dominant dwarfing mutations of DELLA proteins have been primarily responsible for the dramatic increases in harvest index of the 'green revolution'. Maize contains...
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Published in: | Plant and cell physiology 2010-11, Vol.51 (11), p.1854-1868 |
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creator | Lawit, Shai J Wych, Heidi M Xu, Deping Kundu, Suman Tomes, Dwight T |
description | DELLA proteins are nuclear-localized negative regulators of gibberellin signaling found ubiquitously throughout higher plants. Dominant dwarfing mutations of DELLA proteins have been primarily responsible for the dramatic increases in harvest index of the 'green revolution'. Maize contains two genetic loci encoding DELLA proteins, dwarf plant8 (d8) and dwarf plant 9 (d9). The d8 gene and three of its dominant dwarfing alleles have been previously characterized at the molecular level. Almost 20 years after the initial description of the mutant, this investigation represents the first molecular characterization of d9 and its gibberellin-insensitive mutant, D9-1. We have molecularly, subcellularly and phenotypically characterized the gene products of five maize DELLA alleles in transgenic Arabidopsis. In dissecting the molecular differences in D9-1, a critical residue for normal DELLA function has been uncovered, corresponding to E600 of the D9 protein. The gibberellin-insensitive D9-1 was found to produce dwarfing and, notably, earlier flowering in Arabidopsis. Conversely, overexpression of the D9-1 allele delayed flowering in transgenic maize, while overexpression of the d9 allele led to earlier flowering. These results corroborate findings that DELLA proteins are at the crux of many plant developmental pathways and suggest differing mechanisms of flowering time control by DELLAs in maize and Arabidopsis. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1093/pcp/pcq153 |
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Dominant dwarfing mutations of DELLA proteins have been primarily responsible for the dramatic increases in harvest index of the 'green revolution'. Maize contains two genetic loci encoding DELLA proteins, dwarf plant8 (d8) and dwarf plant 9 (d9). The d8 gene and three of its dominant dwarfing alleles have been previously characterized at the molecular level. Almost 20 years after the initial description of the mutant, this investigation represents the first molecular characterization of d9 and its gibberellin-insensitive mutant, D9-1. We have molecularly, subcellularly and phenotypically characterized the gene products of five maize DELLA alleles in transgenic Arabidopsis. In dissecting the molecular differences in D9-1, a critical residue for normal DELLA function has been uncovered, corresponding to E600 of the D9 protein. The gibberellin-insensitive D9-1 was found to produce dwarfing and, notably, earlier flowering in Arabidopsis. Conversely, overexpression of the D9-1 allele delayed flowering in transgenic maize, while overexpression of the d9 allele led to earlier flowering. These results corroborate findings that DELLA proteins are at the crux of many plant developmental pathways and suggest differing mechanisms of flowering time control by DELLAs in maize and Arabidopsis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0032-0781</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-9053</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq153</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20937610</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Japan: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Plant ; corn ; DELLA ; dominant genes ; dwarfing ; flowering ; gene overexpression ; Genes, Plant ; Gibberellin ; harvest index ; loci ; Maize ; Molecular Sequence Data ; mutants ; phenology ; plant proteins ; Plant Proteins - chemistry ; Plant Proteins - genetics ; Plant Proteins - physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Semi-dwarf ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; transgenic plants ; Zea mays ; Zea mays - genetics ; Zea mays - growth & development ; Zea mays - physiology</subject><ispartof>Plant and cell physiology, 2010-11, Vol.51 (11), p.1854-1868</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-c50ebaff66e4382c3edd9a63bcdf848f8bef6d596b1c69a8da092ffbe4b6b0173</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-c50ebaff66e4382c3edd9a63bcdf848f8bef6d596b1c69a8da092ffbe4b6b0173</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937610$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lawit, Shai J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wych, Heidi M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Deping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kundu, Suman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomes, Dwight T</creatorcontrib><title>Maize DELLA Proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development</title><title>Plant and cell physiology</title><addtitle>Plant Cell Physiol</addtitle><description>DELLA proteins are nuclear-localized negative regulators of gibberellin signaling found ubiquitously throughout higher plants. Dominant dwarfing mutations of DELLA proteins have been primarily responsible for the dramatic increases in harvest index of the 'green revolution'. Maize contains two genetic loci encoding DELLA proteins, dwarf plant8 (d8) and dwarf plant 9 (d9). The d8 gene and three of its dominant dwarfing alleles have been previously characterized at the molecular level. Almost 20 years after the initial description of the mutant, this investigation represents the first molecular characterization of d9 and its gibberellin-insensitive mutant, D9-1. We have molecularly, subcellularly and phenotypically characterized the gene products of five maize DELLA alleles in transgenic Arabidopsis. In dissecting the molecular differences in D9-1, a critical residue for normal DELLA function has been uncovered, corresponding to E600 of the D9 protein. The gibberellin-insensitive D9-1 was found to produce dwarfing and, notably, earlier flowering in Arabidopsis. Conversely, overexpression of the D9-1 allele delayed flowering in transgenic maize, while overexpression of the d9 allele led to earlier flowering. These results corroborate findings that DELLA proteins are at the crux of many plant developmental pathways and suggest differing mechanisms of flowering time control by DELLAs in maize and Arabidopsis.</description><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>Amino Acid Sequence</subject><subject>Arabidopsis thaliana</subject><subject>Chromosome Mapping</subject><subject>Chromosomes, Plant</subject><subject>corn</subject><subject>DELLA</subject><subject>dominant genes</subject><subject>dwarfing</subject><subject>flowering</subject><subject>gene overexpression</subject><subject>Genes, Plant</subject><subject>Gibberellin</subject><subject>harvest index</subject><subject>loci</subject><subject>Maize</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>mutants</subject><subject>phenology</subject><subject>plant proteins</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - chemistry</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - physiology</subject><subject>Plants, Genetically Modified</subject><subject>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Semi-dwarf</subject><subject>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</subject><subject>transgenic plants</subject><subject>Zea mays</subject><subject>Zea mays - genetics</subject><subject>Zea mays - growth & development</subject><subject>Zea mays - physiology</subject><issn>0032-0781</issn><issn>1471-9053</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2010</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpNkE9r3DAQxUVpSbZpLv0ArW6FgpORJcvSMWz-bMChCc1C6EXI1qi49a4cyds2-fRVcBp6GGZ485vH8Ah5z-CIgebHYzfmumcVf0UWTNSs0FDx12QBwMsCasX2yduUfgDkmcMe2S_zWS0ZLMj6yvaPSE_PmuaEXscwYb9N1P220dNxsNtJUbt1_wua2kSvgtsNdgox0eDp9ZNOT_EXDmHc4HZ6R954OyQ8fO4HZH1-drtcFc2Xi8vlSVN0opZT0VWArfVeShRclR1H57SVvO2cV0J51aKXrtKyZZ3UVjkLuvS-RdHKFljND8in2XeM4X6HaTKbPnU45H8w7JKppaiEqrTI5OeZ7GJIKaI3Y-w3Nj4YBuYpRZNTNHOKGf7wbLtrN-he0H-xZaCYgT5N-Odlb-NPI2teV2Z1981wfrMS5xeNWWb-48x7G4z9Hvtk1l9LYByYBq2g5H8BJ5yHMA</recordid><startdate>20101101</startdate><enddate>20101101</enddate><creator>Lawit, Shai J</creator><creator>Wych, Heidi M</creator><creator>Xu, Deping</creator><creator>Kundu, Suman</creator><creator>Tomes, Dwight T</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20101101</creationdate><title>Maize DELLA Proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development</title><author>Lawit, Shai J ; Wych, Heidi M ; Xu, Deping ; Kundu, Suman ; Tomes, Dwight T</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c476t-c50ebaff66e4382c3edd9a63bcdf848f8bef6d596b1c69a8da092ffbe4b6b0173</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2010</creationdate><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>Amino Acid Sequence</topic><topic>Arabidopsis thaliana</topic><topic>Chromosome Mapping</topic><topic>Chromosomes, Plant</topic><topic>corn</topic><topic>DELLA</topic><topic>dominant genes</topic><topic>dwarfing</topic><topic>flowering</topic><topic>gene overexpression</topic><topic>Genes, Plant</topic><topic>Gibberellin</topic><topic>harvest index</topic><topic>loci</topic><topic>Maize</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>mutants</topic><topic>phenology</topic><topic>plant proteins</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - chemistry</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - physiology</topic><topic>Plants, Genetically Modified</topic><topic>Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Semi-dwarf</topic><topic>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</topic><topic>transgenic plants</topic><topic>Zea mays</topic><topic>Zea mays - genetics</topic><topic>Zea mays - growth & development</topic><topic>Zea mays - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lawit, Shai J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wych, Heidi M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Deping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kundu, Suman</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tomes, Dwight T</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Plant and cell physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lawit, Shai J</au><au>Wych, Heidi M</au><au>Xu, Deping</au><au>Kundu, Suman</au><au>Tomes, Dwight T</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Maize DELLA Proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development</atitle><jtitle>Plant and cell physiology</jtitle><addtitle>Plant Cell Physiol</addtitle><date>2010-11-01</date><risdate>2010</risdate><volume>51</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>1854</spage><epage>1868</epage><pages>1854-1868</pages><issn>0032-0781</issn><eissn>1471-9053</eissn><abstract>DELLA proteins are nuclear-localized negative regulators of gibberellin signaling found ubiquitously throughout higher plants. Dominant dwarfing mutations of DELLA proteins have been primarily responsible for the dramatic increases in harvest index of the 'green revolution'. Maize contains two genetic loci encoding DELLA proteins, dwarf plant8 (d8) and dwarf plant 9 (d9). The d8 gene and three of its dominant dwarfing alleles have been previously characterized at the molecular level. Almost 20 years after the initial description of the mutant, this investigation represents the first molecular characterization of d9 and its gibberellin-insensitive mutant, D9-1. We have molecularly, subcellularly and phenotypically characterized the gene products of five maize DELLA alleles in transgenic Arabidopsis. In dissecting the molecular differences in D9-1, a critical residue for normal DELLA function has been uncovered, corresponding to E600 of the D9 protein. The gibberellin-insensitive D9-1 was found to produce dwarfing and, notably, earlier flowering in Arabidopsis. Conversely, overexpression of the D9-1 allele delayed flowering in transgenic maize, while overexpression of the d9 allele led to earlier flowering. These results corroborate findings that DELLA proteins are at the crux of many plant developmental pathways and suggest differing mechanisms of flowering time control by DELLAs in maize and Arabidopsis.</abstract><cop>Japan</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>20937610</pmid><doi>10.1093/pcp/pcq153</doi><tpages>15</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alleles Amino Acid Sequence Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome Mapping Chromosomes, Plant corn DELLA dominant genes dwarfing flowering gene overexpression Genes, Plant Gibberellin harvest index loci Maize Molecular Sequence Data mutants phenology plant proteins Plant Proteins - chemistry Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - physiology Plants, Genetically Modified Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Semi-dwarf Sequence Homology, Amino Acid transgenic plants Zea mays Zea mays - genetics Zea mays - growth & development Zea mays - physiology |
title | Maize DELLA Proteins dwarf plant8 and dwarf plant9 as Modulators of Plant Development |
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