Nongenotropic, sex-nonspecific signaling through the estrogen or androgen receptors: dissociation from transcriptional activity

• Published in: Cell 2001-03, Vol.104 (5), p.719-730
• Main Authors: Kousteni, S, Bellido, T, Plotkin, L I, O'Brien, C A, Bodenner, D L, Han, L, Han, K, DiGregorio, G B, Katzenellenbogen, J A, Katzenellenbogen, B S, Roberson, P K, Weinstein, R S, Jilka, R L, Manolagas, S C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Androgens - pharmacology; Animals; Apoptosis - drug effects; Apoptosis - physiology; Binding Sites - physiology; Cell Nucleus - metabolism; Cytoplasm - metabolism; ERK protein; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; estrogen receptors; Estrogens - pharmacology; Female; Fibroblasts - cytology; Fibroblasts - drug effects; Fibroblasts - physiology; HeLa Cells; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism; Osteoblasts - cytology; Osteoblasts - drug effects; Osteoblasts - physiology; Osteoclasts - cytology; Osteoclasts - drug effects; Osteoclasts - physiology; Peptide Fragments - pharmacology; Receptors, Androgen - chemistry; Receptors, Androgen - genetics; Receptors, Androgen - metabolism; Receptors, Estrogen - chemistry; Receptors, Estrogen - genetics; Receptors, Estrogen - metabolism; Sex Factors; Signal Transduction - drug effects; Signal Transduction - physiology; src Homology Domains - physiology; Src protein; src-Family Kinases - metabolism; Transcriptional Activation - drug effects; Transcriptional Activation - physiology
• ISSN: 0092-8674
• DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)08100-x

The relationship of the classical receptors and their transcriptional activity to nongenotropic effects of steroid hormones is unknown. We demonstrate herein a novel paradigm of sex steroid action on osteoblasts, osteocytes, embryonic fibroblasts, and HeLa cells involving activation of a Src/Shc/ERK signaling pathway and attenuating apoptosis. This action is mediated by the ligand binding domain and eliminated by nuclear targeting of the receptor protein; ERalpha, ERbeta, or AR can transmit it with similar efficiency irrespective of whether the ligand is an estrogen or an androgen. This antiapoptotic action can be dissociated from the transcriptional activity of the receptor with synthetic ligands, providing proof of principle for the development of function-specific-as opposed to tissue-selective-and gender-neutral pharmacotherapeutics.