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A Life-Span Theory of Control

A life-span theory of development is presented that is based on the concepts of primary and secondary control. Primary control refers to behaviors directed at the external environment and involves attempts to change the world to fit the needs and desires of the individual. Secondary control is targe...

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Published in:	Psychological review 1995-04, Vol.102 (2), p.284-304
Main Authors:	Heckhausen, Jutta, Schulz, Richard
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged Aging - psychology Child Child, Preschool Control Defense Mechanisms Development Female Human Human Development Humans Infant Internal-External Control Life span Male Middle Aged Personality Development Psychology Social Perception Social Values Theories
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container_title	Psychological review
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creator	Heckhausen, Jutta Schulz, Richard
description	A life-span theory of development is presented that is based on the concepts of primary and secondary control. Primary control refers to behaviors directed at the external environment and involves attempts to change the world to fit the needs and desires of the individual. Secondary control is targeted at internal processes and serves to minimize losses in, maintain, and expand existing levels of primary control. Secondary control helps the individual to cope with failure and fosters primary control by channeling motivational resources toward selected action goals throughout the life course. Primary control has functional primacy over secondary control. An analysis of extensive and diverse literatures spanning infancy through old age shows that trade-offs between primary and secondary control undergo systematic shifts across the life course in response to the opportunities and constraints encountered.
doi_str_mv	10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.284
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identifier	ISSN: 0033-295X
ispartof	Psychological review, 1995-04, Vol.102 (2), p.284-304
issn	0033-295X 1939-1471
language	eng
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source	APA PsycARTICLES; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
subjects	Adolescent Adult Aged Aging - psychology Child Child, Preschool Control Defense Mechanisms Development Female Human Human Development Humans Infant Internal-External Control Life span Male Middle Aged Personality Development Psychology Social Perception Social Values Theories
title	A Life-Span Theory of Control
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