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Effects of Maternal Smoking on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Examination of the Criteria of Causation
Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, debate continues about whether smoking causes these outcomes. This review of the criteria of causation found that the relative risk of having a low-birth-weight baby is nearly doubled in women who smoke durin...
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Published in: | Human biology 1994-12, Vol.66 (6), p.1059-1092 |
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description | Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, debate continues about whether smoking causes these outcomes. This review of the criteria of causation found that the relative risk of having a low-birth-weight baby is nearly doubled in women who smoke during pregnancy compared with nonsmoking women and that the relative risks of spontaneous abortion and perinatal and neonatal mortality are increased by about one-third. The magnitude of the long-term effects of maternal smoking on the physical and mental development of the offspring is small but measurable. The epidemiologic evidence associating maternal smoking with major adverse pregnancy outcomes in prospective and case-control studies displays a high degree of consistency. A dose-response gradient for smoking during pregnancy has not been clearly shown in relation to perinatal and neonatal mortality. However, there is strong support for a dose-response gradient in relation to low birth weight and spontaneous abortion and moderate support for long-term developmental effects. Although a biological causal mechanism has not been clearly delineated, considerable evidence indicates that the chemicals in tobacco smoke are capable of producing deleterious changes in the placenta and fetus. |
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However, debate continues about whether smoking causes these outcomes. This review of the criteria of causation found that the relative risk of having a low-birth-weight baby is nearly doubled in women who smoke during pregnancy compared with nonsmoking women and that the relative risks of spontaneous abortion and perinatal and neonatal mortality are increased by about one-third. The magnitude of the long-term effects of maternal smoking on the physical and mental development of the offspring is small but measurable. The epidemiologic evidence associating maternal smoking with major adverse pregnancy outcomes in prospective and case-control studies displays a high degree of consistency. A dose-response gradient for smoking during pregnancy has not been clearly shown in relation to perinatal and neonatal mortality. However, there is strong support for a dose-response gradient in relation to low birth weight and spontaneous abortion and moderate support for long-term developmental effects. Although a biological causal mechanism has not been clearly delineated, considerable evidence indicates that the chemicals in tobacco smoke are capable of producing deleterious changes in the placenta and fetus.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-7143</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1534-6617</identifier><identifier>PMID: 7835872</identifier><identifier>CODEN: HUBIAA</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wayne State University Press</publisher><subject>Abortion, Spontaneous - epidemiology ; Abortion, Spontaneous - etiology ; Adult ; Birth weight ; Births ; Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; Cigarette smoking ; Cigarettes ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Health Problems ; Health risk assessment ; Humans ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infants ; Male ; Medical research ; Mortality ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy outcome ; Pregnancy Outcome - epidemiology ; Pregnant women ; Prospective Studies ; Research Design ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Smoking - adverse effects ; Smoking and women ; Smoking cessation ; Spontaneous abortion ; Women ; Women smokers</subject><ispartof>Human biology, 1994-12, Vol.66 (6), p.1059-1092</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 1994 Wayne State University Press</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1994 Wayne State University Press</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 1994 Wayne State University Press</rights><rights>Copyright Wayne State University Press Dec 1994</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1301834208/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1301834208?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,12847,13432,33223,33775,38749,38750,44757,58238,58471,75301</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7835872$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>WALSH, RAOUL A.</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of Maternal Smoking on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Examination of the Criteria of Causation</title><title>Human biology</title><addtitle>Hum Biol</addtitle><description>Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, debate continues about whether smoking causes these outcomes. This review of the criteria of causation found that the relative risk of having a low-birth-weight baby is nearly doubled in women who smoke during pregnancy compared with nonsmoking women and that the relative risks of spontaneous abortion and perinatal and neonatal mortality are increased by about one-third. The magnitude of the long-term effects of maternal smoking on the physical and mental development of the offspring is small but measurable. The epidemiologic evidence associating maternal smoking with major adverse pregnancy outcomes in prospective and case-control studies displays a high degree of consistency. A dose-response gradient for smoking during pregnancy has not been clearly shown in relation to perinatal and neonatal mortality. 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epidemiology</subject><subject>Pregnant women</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Research Design</subject><subject>Smokers</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Smoking - adverse effects</subject><subject>Smoking and women</subject><subject>Smoking cessation</subject><subject>Spontaneous abortion</subject><subject>Women</subject><subject>Women smokers</subject><issn>0018-7143</issn><issn>1534-6617</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1994</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>~PM</sourceid><sourceid>8BJ</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNqN0t1rFDEQAPBFlHqt_gnCoiB96EI-N1nfjuVsC6cnVJ-XXG6y5txNapKV9r83Zw_l5PxgHsJkfpmHmTwqZphTVtU1Fo-LGUJYVgIz-rQ4jXGbUyylPClOhKRcCjIr9MIY0CmW3pTvVILg1FDejP6LdX3pXTnffIMQofwQoHfK6ftyNSXtR4hvysWdGq1TyWaXn6fPULbB5h5W7fJWTfFH8VnxxKghwvP9eVZ8erv42F5Vy9XldTtfVj0nPFWKNkoLRQiV1IBp0FoYpjU3RCFCSLPeIEp5rUktDUcUsYYywzjoRgsGFOhZ8fqh723wXyeIqRtt1DAMyoGfYieEQJRJ9E9Y4xwC8QzP_wqxyHPGjMkdffkb3fppN83YEcI4Y1iwjF79CWGad0UZQTKriwfVqwE664xPQekeHAQ1eAfG5us5rjlFVNaZV0d4jg2MVh_z5wc-kwR3qc_rit31zfv_pfJyeUAvjlHthwF66PKi29UBf7GfxLQeYdPdBjuqcN_tP-av-jYmH36WGWY1RwzR79l142E</recordid><startdate>19941201</startdate><enddate>19941201</enddate><creator>WALSH, RAOUL A.</creator><general>Wayne State University Press</general><general>Johns Hopkins Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>8GL</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>0R3</scope><scope>ABKTN</scope><scope>ANHVI</scope><scope>FYSDU</scope><scope>GHEHK</scope><scope>HYQOX</scope><scope>HZAIM</scope><scope>JRZRW</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>~OB</scope><scope>~OC</scope><scope>~OG</scope><scope>~PM</scope><scope>~PN</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>R05</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7U3</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19941201</creationdate><title>Effects of Maternal Smoking on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Examination of the Criteria of Causation</title><author>WALSH, RAOUL A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g525t-a39ac7a22383fef90b7f4cc5f2a02229bd03356c268f50304934f45ec9c74e3e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1994</creationdate><topic>Abortion, Spontaneous - 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Academic</collection><jtitle>Human biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>WALSH, RAOUL A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of Maternal Smoking on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Examination of the Criteria of Causation</atitle><jtitle>Human biology</jtitle><addtitle>Hum Biol</addtitle><date>1994-12-01</date><risdate>1994</risdate><volume>66</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>1059</spage><epage>1092</epage><pages>1059-1092</pages><issn>0018-7143</issn><eissn>1534-6617</eissn><coden>HUBIAA</coden><abstract>Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with many adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, debate continues about whether smoking causes these outcomes. This review of the criteria of causation found that the relative risk of having a low-birth-weight baby is nearly doubled in women who smoke during pregnancy compared with nonsmoking women and that the relative risks of spontaneous abortion and perinatal and neonatal mortality are increased by about one-third. The magnitude of the long-term effects of maternal smoking on the physical and mental development of the offspring is small but measurable. The epidemiologic evidence associating maternal smoking with major adverse pregnancy outcomes in prospective and case-control studies displays a high degree of consistency. A dose-response gradient for smoking during pregnancy has not been clearly shown in relation to perinatal and neonatal mortality. However, there is strong support for a dose-response gradient in relation to low birth weight and spontaneous abortion and moderate support for long-term developmental effects. Although a biological causal mechanism has not been clearly delineated, considerable evidence indicates that the chemicals in tobacco smoke are capable of producing deleterious changes in the placenta and fetus.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wayne State University Press</pub><pmid>7835872</pmid><tpages>34</tpages></addata></record> |
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source | International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS); PAO JISC Collection; JSTOR Archival Journals; Sociological Abstracts |
subjects | Abortion, Spontaneous - epidemiology Abortion, Spontaneous - etiology Adult Birth weight Births Case-Control Studies Causality Cigarette smoking Cigarettes Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Health Problems Health risk assessment Humans Infant Mortality Infant, Low Birth Weight Infant, Newborn Infants Male Medical research Mortality Pregnancy Pregnancy outcome Pregnancy Outcome - epidemiology Pregnant women Prospective Studies Research Design Smokers Smoking Smoking - adverse effects Smoking and women Smoking cessation Spontaneous abortion Women Women smokers |
title | Effects of Maternal Smoking on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Examination of the Criteria of Causation |
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