Frictional properties of single crystals HMX, RDX and PETN explosives

The frictional properties of single crystals of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) secondary explosives are examined using a sensitive friction machine. The explosive crystals used for the measurements are at least 3...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of hazardous materials 2010-11, Vol.183 (1-3), p.324-333
Main Authors: WU, Y. Q, HUANG, F. L
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Azocines
Crystallization
Crystals
Exact sciences and technology
Explosive Agents - chemistry
Explosives
Friction
HMX
Nanostructure
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
PETN
Pollution
RDX
Scanning electron microscopy
Sliders
Steel
Surface Properties
Triazines
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Summary:The frictional properties of single crystals of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) secondary explosives are examined using a sensitive friction machine. The explosive crystals used for the measurements are at least 3.5 mm wide. The friction coefficients between crystals of the same explosive (i.e., HMX on HMX, etc.), crystals of different explosives (i.e., HMX on RDX, etc.), and each explosive and a well-polished gauge steel surface are determined. The frictional surfaces are also studied under an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) to analyze surface microstructural changes under increasing loading forces. The friction coefficients vary considerably with increasing normal loading forces and are particularly sensitive to slider shapes, crystal roughness and the mechanical properties of both the slider and the sample. With increasing loading forces, most friction experiments show surface damage, consisting of grooves, debris, and nano-particles, on both the slider and sample. In some cases, a strong evidence of a localized molten state is found in the central region of the friction track. Possible mechanisms that affect the friction coefficient are discussed based on microscopic observations.
ISSN:0304-3894
1873-3336
DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.027