Violence Against Women During the Liberian Civil Conflict

• Published in: JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 1998-02, Vol.279 (8), p.625-629
• Main Authors: Swiss, Shana, Jennings, Peggy J, Aryee, Gladys V, Brown, Grace H, Jappah-Samukai, Ruth M, Kamara, Mary S, Schaack, Rosana D. H, Turay-Kanneh, Rojatu S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Biological and medical sciences; Civil war; Data Collection; Domestic violence; Female; Human Rights; Humans; Liberia; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Rape; Rape - statistics & numerical data; Victimology; Violence - statistics & numerical data; Warfare; Women
• ISSN: 0098-7484; 1538-3598
• DOI: 10.1001/jama.279.8.625

CONTEXT.— Civilians were often the casualties of fighting during the recent Liberian civil conflict. Liberian health care workers played a crucial role in documenting violence against women by soliders and fighters during the war. OBJECTIVE.— To document women's experiences of violence, including rape and sexual coercion, from a soldier or fighter during 5 years of the Liberian civil war from 1989 through 1994. DESIGN.— Interview and survey. SETTING.— High schools, markets, displaced persons camps, and urban communities in Monrovia, Liberia, in 1994. PARTICIPANTS.— A random sample of 205 women and girls between the ages of 15 and 70 years (88% participation rate). RESULTS.— One hundred (49%) of 205 participants reported experiencing at least 1 act of physical or sexual violence by a soldier or fighter. Survey participants reported being beaten, tied up, or detained in a room under armed guard (17%); strip-searched 1 or more times (32%); and raped, subjected to attempted rape, or sexually coerced (15%). Women who were accused of belonging to a particular ethnic group or fighting faction or who were forced to cook for a soldier or fighter were at increased risk for physical and sexual violence. Of the 106 women and girls accused of belonging to an ethnic group or faction, 65 (61%) reported that they were beaten, locked up, strip-searched, or subjected to attempted rape, compared with 27 (27%) of the 99 women who were not accused (P≤.02, .07, .001, and .06, respectively). Women and girls who were forced to cook for a soldier or fighter were more likely to report experiencing rape, attempted rape, or sexual coercion than those who were not forced to cook (55% vs 10%; P≤.001, .06, and .001, respectively). Young women (those younger than 25 years) were more likely than women 25 years or older to report experiencing attempted rape and sexual coercion (18% vs 4%, P=.02 and .04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS.— This collaborative research allowed Liberian women to document wartime violence against women in their own communities and to develop a unique program to address violence against women in Liberia.