Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs

• Published in: Journal of animal science 2011, Vol.89 (1), p.124-135
• Main Authors: Chaytor, A.C, See, M.T, Hansen, J.A, de Souza, A.L.P, Middleton, T.F, Kim, S.W
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aflatoxins; Aflatoxins - administration & dosage; Aflatoxins - toxicity; Animal Feed - analysis; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animal productions; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Blood cells; Chronic exposure; Color; Cytokines - metabolism; deoxynivalenol; Diet - veterinary; Diets; dosage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; epidemiological studies; feed contamination; feed intake; Female; Fibrosis; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; gamma -Interferon; growth retardation; Hepatocytes; hepatotoxicity; hepatotoxins; Immune response; Immune status; immunity; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Inflammation; Interleukin 4; Interleukin 6; Kidney; Kidney - anatomy & histology; Kidney - pathology; Leukocytes; Liver; Liver - anatomy & histology; Liver - pathology; liver function; long term effects; mycotoxicosis; Spleen; Spleen - anatomy & histology; Spleen - pathology; swine; Swine - blood; Swine - growth & development; Swine - immunology; swine diseases; Terrestrial animal productions; toxicity; Trichothecenes - administration & dosage; Trichothecenes - toxicity; Tumor necrosis factor- alpha; Vertebrates; Vomitoxin; Weight Gain - drug effects
• ISSN: 0021-8812; 1525-3163
• DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3005

This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 x 10³ cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 x 10³ cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.