Handwriting, visuomotor integration, and neurological condition at school age

Aim  The study investigated the relationships between handwriting, visuomotor integration, and neurological condition. We paid particular attention to the presence of minor neurological dysfunction (MND). Method  Participants were 200 children (131 males, 69 females; age range 8–13y) of whom 118 rec...

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Published in:Developmental medicine and child neurology 2010-10, Vol.52 (10), p.941-947
Main Authors: VAN HOORN, JESSIKA F, MAATHUIS, CAREL GB, PETERS, LIEKE HJ, HADDERS‐ALGRA, MIJNA
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Behavior Disorders
Cerebral Palsy
Child
Children
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Coordination
Early Adolescents
Education, Special
Female
Handwriting
Humans
Interrater Reliability
Learning Disabilities
Logistic Models
Mainstreaming
Male
Motor Skills
Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis
Nervous System Diseases - physiopathology
Netherlands
Neurologic Examination
Neurological Impairments
Neurological Organization
Physical Disabilities
Psychometrics
Psychomotor Performance
Psychomotor Skills
Puberty
Schools
Sensory Integration
Severity (of Disability)
Severity of Illness Index
Special Education
Special Schools
Visual Impairments
Visual Perception
Writing Instruction
Writing Skills
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MAATHUIS, CAREL GB
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HADDERS‐ALGRA, MIJNA
description Aim  The study investigated the relationships between handwriting, visuomotor integration, and neurological condition. We paid particular attention to the presence of minor neurological dysfunction (MND). Method  Participants were 200 children (131 males, 69 females; age range 8–13y) of whom 118 received mainstream education (mean age 10y 5mo, SD 1y 4mo) and 82 special education (mean age 10y 8mo, SD 1y 2mo). Each child had four assessments: a neurological examination, which paid attention to the type and severity of MND, a test to measure motor performance, a handwriting test, and the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration. Results  Dysgraphic handwriting and slow writing speed were closely related to the severity of neurological dysfunction (both p
doi_str_mv 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03715.x
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We paid particular attention to the presence of minor neurological dysfunction (MND). Method  Participants were 200 children (131 males, 69 females; age range 8–13y) of whom 118 received mainstream education (mean age 10y 5mo, SD 1y 4mo) and 82 special education (mean age 10y 8mo, SD 1y 2mo). Each child had four assessments: a neurological examination, which paid attention to the type and severity of MND, a test to measure motor performance, a handwriting test, and the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration. Results  Dysgraphic handwriting and slow writing speed were closely related to the severity of neurological dysfunction (both p&lt;0.001); impaired visuomotor integration was related to the presence of MND (p&lt;0.001) but somewhat less to its severity. Impaired handwriting and visuomotor integration were strongly related to two specific dysfunctions: fine manipulative disability and coordination problems (both p&lt;0.001). Impaired visuomotor integration was weakly related to dysfunctional muscle tone regulation (p=0.009) and sensory dysfunction (p=0.042). Interpretation  Poor handwriting and impaired visuomotor integration are related to MND, but in a differential way. Poor handwriting is related to the severity of neurological dysfunction and to dysfunctions of complex supraspinal circuitries. Impaired visuomotor integration is associated with the presence of any of the most common types of MND.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0012-1622</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-8749</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03715.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20561005</identifier><identifier>CODEN: DMCNAW</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Behavior Disorders ; Cerebral Palsy ; Child ; Children ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Coordination ; Early Adolescents ; Education, Special ; Female ; Handwriting ; Humans ; Interrater Reliability ; Learning Disabilities ; Logistic Models ; Mainstreaming ; Male ; Motor Skills ; Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis ; Nervous System Diseases - physiopathology ; Netherlands ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurological Impairments ; Neurological Organization ; Physical Disabilities ; Psychometrics ; Psychomotor Performance ; Psychomotor Skills ; Puberty ; Schools ; Sensory Integration ; Severity (of Disability) ; Severity of Illness Index ; Special Education ; Special Schools ; Visual Impairments ; Visual Perception ; Writing Instruction ; Writing Skills</subject><ispartof>Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2010-10, Vol.52 (10), p.941-947</ispartof><rights>The Authors. 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Impaired visuomotor integration was weakly related to dysfunctional muscle tone regulation (p=0.009) and sensory dysfunction (p=0.042). Interpretation  Poor handwriting and impaired visuomotor integration are related to MND, but in a differential way. Poor handwriting is related to the severity of neurological dysfunction and to dysfunctions of complex supraspinal circuitries. 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Impaired visuomotor integration was weakly related to dysfunctional muscle tone regulation (p=0.009) and sensory dysfunction (p=0.042). Interpretation  Poor handwriting and impaired visuomotor integration are related to MND, but in a differential way. Poor handwriting is related to the severity of neurological dysfunction and to dysfunctions of complex supraspinal circuitries. Impaired visuomotor integration is associated with the presence of any of the most common types of MND.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>20561005</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03715.x</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Adolescent
Behavior Disorders
Cerebral Palsy
Child
Children
Confounding Factors (Epidemiology)
Coordination
Early Adolescents
Education, Special
Female
Handwriting
Humans
Interrater Reliability
Learning Disabilities
Logistic Models
Mainstreaming
Male
Motor Skills
Nervous System Diseases - diagnosis
Nervous System Diseases - physiopathology
Netherlands
Neurologic Examination
Neurological Impairments
Neurological Organization
Physical Disabilities
Psychometrics
Psychomotor Performance
Psychomotor Skills
Puberty
Schools
Sensory Integration
Severity (of Disability)
Severity of Illness Index
Special Education
Special Schools
Visual Impairments
Visual Perception
Writing Instruction
Writing Skills
title Handwriting, visuomotor integration, and neurological condition at school age
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