ATR-X Syndrome Protein Targets Tandem Repeats and Influences Allele-Specific Expression in a Size-Dependent Manner

ATRX is an X-linked gene of the SWI/SNF family, mutations in which cause syndromal mental retardation and downregulation of α-globin expression. Here we show that ATRX binds to tandem repeat (TR) sequences in both telomeres and euchromatin. Genes associated with these TRs can be dysregulated when AT...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cell 2010-10, Vol.143 (3), p.367-378
Main Authors: Law, Martin J., Lower, Karen M., Voon, Hsiao P.J., Hughes, Jim R., Garrick, David, Viprakasit, Vip, Mitson, Matthew, De Gobbi, Marco, Marra, Marco, Morris, Andrew, Abbott, Aaron, Wilder, Steven P., Taylor, Stephen, Santos, Guilherme M., Cross, Joe, Ayyub, Helena, Jones, Steven, Ragoussis, Jiannis, Rhodes, Daniela, Dunham, Ian, Higgs, Douglas R., Gibbons, Richard J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Cells, Cultured
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
Chromosomes, Mammalian - metabolism
CpG Islands
DNA
DNA Helicases - genetics
DNA Helicases - metabolism
DNA structure
DNA, Ribosomal - metabolism
G-Quadruplexes
Gene Expression
Genome-Wide Association Study
Histones - metabolism
Humans
HUMDISEASE
Mice
Minisatellite Repeats
Mutation
Nuclear Proteins - genetics
Nuclear Proteins - metabolism
PROTEINS
Telomere - metabolism
X-linked Nuclear Protein
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Summary:ATRX is an X-linked gene of the SWI/SNF family, mutations in which cause syndromal mental retardation and downregulation of α-globin expression. Here we show that ATRX binds to tandem repeat (TR) sequences in both telomeres and euchromatin. Genes associated with these TRs can be dysregulated when ATRX is mutated, and the change in expression is determined by the size of the TR, producing skewed allelic expression. This reveals the characteristics of the affected genes, explains the variable phenotypes seen with identical ATRX mutations, and illustrates a new mechanism underlying variable penetrance. Many of the TRs are G rich and predicted to form non-B DNA structures (including G-quadruplex) in vivo. We show that ATRX binds G-quadruplex structures in vitro, suggesting a mechanism by which ATRX may play a role in various nuclear processes and how this is perturbed when ATRX is mutated. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] ► ATRX binds to G-rich tandem repeat sequences ► ATRX mutations perturb the expression of genes close to these targets ► The size of the transcriptional effect is related to the length of the tandem repeat ► These sequences can form G4 structures in vitro and ATRX binds these structures
ISSN:0092-8674
1097-4172
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2010.09.023