Phytophthora ramorum in Canada: Evidence for Migration Within North America and from Europe

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death on oak and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals, has been reported in ornamental nurseries on the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to California. Long-distance migration of P. ramorum has occurred via the nursery trade, and shipment...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Phytopathology 2011, Vol.101 (1), p.166-171
Main Authors: Goss, Erica M, Larsen, Meg, Vercauteren, Annelies, Werres, Sabine, Heungens, Kurt, Grunwald, Niklaus J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological and medical sciences
Canada
disease transmission
Europe
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Genetic Variation
geographical distribution
horticultural products industry
host plants
inoculum
international trade
microbial genetics
ornamental woody plants
Phylogeny
Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection
Phytophthora
Phytophthora - genetics
Phytophthora - physiology
Phytophthora ramorum
Plant Diseases - microbiology
plant nurseries
plant pathogenic fungi
population genetics
population structure
Quercus - microbiology
spatial distribution
strain differences
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Summary:Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death on oak and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals, has been reported in ornamental nurseries on the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to California. Long-distance migration of P. ramorum has occurred via the nursery trade, and shipments of host plants are known to have crossed the U.S.–Canadian border. We investigated the genotypic diversity of P. ramorum in Canadian nurseries and compared the Canadian population with U.S. and European nursery isolates for evidence of migration among populations. All three of the P. ramorum clonal lineages were found in Canada but, unexpectedly, the most common was the NA2 lineage. The NA1 clonal lineage, which has been the most common lineage in U.S. nurseries, was found relatively infrequently in Canada, and these isolates may have been the result of migration from the United States to Canada. The EU1 lineage was observed almost every year and shared multilocus genotypes with isolates from Europe and the United States. Estimation of migration rates between Europe and North America indicated that migration was higher from Europe to North America than vice versa, and that unidirectional migration from Europe to North America was more likely than bidirectional migration.
ISSN:0031-949X
1943-7684
DOI:10.1094/phyto-05-10-0133