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An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation,...
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| Published in: | International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2011, Vol.214 (1), p.36-46 |
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| Language: | English |
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| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-e31930b7763e2b82b745b9fbf2258414df1b5592907fd96d70281496566218843 |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-e31930b7763e2b82b745b9fbf2258414df1b5592907fd96d70281496566218843 |
| container_end_page | 46 |
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| container_start_page | 36 |
| container_title | International journal of hygiene and environmental health |
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| creator | Sofuoglu, Sait C. Aslan, Guler Inal, Fikret Sofuoglu, Aysun |
| description | Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption–GC–MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106
μg/m
3, respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.008 |
| format | article |
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μg/m
3, respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1438-4639</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1618-131X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.008</identifier><identifier>PMID: 20833585</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>München: Elsevier GmbH</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air Pollutants - toxicity ; Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects ; Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis ; Benzene ; Benzene - analysis ; Benzene - toxicity ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cancer ; Carcinogenicity ; Carcinogens, Environmental - analysis ; Carcinogens, Environmental - toxicity ; Child ; Chronic effects ; Dichlorobenzene ; Formaldehyde ; Formaldehyde - analysis ; Formaldehyde - toxicity ; Health risk ; High-performance liquid chromatography ; Humans ; Indoor air ; Indoor environments ; Irritants - analysis ; Irritants - toxicity ; Irritation ; Isomers ; İzmir ; Medical sciences ; Miscellaneous ; Naphthalene ; Naphthalenes - analysis ; Naphthalenes - toxicity ; Odor ; Odorants - analysis ; Pollutants ; Public health. Hygiene ; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine ; Risk Assessment ; Sampling ; School ; Schools ; Seasons ; Sensory evaluation ; Suburban Health ; Toluene ; Toluene - analysis ; Toluene - toxicity ; Turkey ; Urban Health ; Volatile organic compounds ; Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis ; Volatile Organic Compounds - toxicity</subject><ispartof>International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2011, Vol.214 (1), p.36-46</ispartof><rights>2010 Elsevier GmbH</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-e31930b7763e2b82b745b9fbf2258414df1b5592907fd96d70281496566218843</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-e31930b7763e2b82b745b9fbf2258414df1b5592907fd96d70281496566218843</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,778,782,4012,27906,27907,27908</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=23875936$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833585$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sofuoglu, Sait C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aslan, Guler</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inal, Fikret</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sofuoglu, Aysun</creatorcontrib><title>An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools</title><title>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</title><addtitle>Int J Hyg Environ Health</addtitle><description>Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption–GC–MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106
μg/m
3, respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - toxicity</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects</subject><subject>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</subject><subject>Benzene</subject><subject>Benzene - analysis</subject><subject>Benzene - toxicity</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Carcinogenicity</subject><subject>Carcinogens, Environmental - analysis</subject><subject>Carcinogens, Environmental - toxicity</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Chronic effects</subject><subject>Dichlorobenzene</subject><subject>Formaldehyde</subject><subject>Formaldehyde - analysis</subject><subject>Formaldehyde - toxicity</subject><subject>Health risk</subject><subject>High-performance liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Indoor air</subject><subject>Indoor environments</subject><subject>Irritants - analysis</subject><subject>Irritants - toxicity</subject><subject>Irritation</subject><subject>Isomers</subject><subject>İzmir</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Naphthalene</subject><subject>Naphthalenes - analysis</subject><subject>Naphthalenes - toxicity</subject><subject>Odor</subject><subject>Odorants - analysis</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene</subject><subject>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>School</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Sensory evaluation</subject><subject>Suburban Health</subject><subject>Toluene</subject><subject>Toluene - analysis</subject><subject>Toluene - toxicity</subject><subject>Turkey</subject><subject>Urban Health</subject><subject>Volatile organic compounds</subject><subject>Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis</subject><subject>Volatile Organic Compounds - toxicity</subject><issn>1438-4639</issn><issn>1618-131X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2011</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkU1v1DAQhiNERUvhFyAhXxCnbMd27DgHDlVVPqRKvYDEzXKcCfGS2IsnW4l_Xy-7wA1xsjV-3hnbT1W94rDhwPXVdhO2E04bAaUCZgNgnlQXXHNTc8m_Pi37Rpq60bI7r54TbQEEB9M9q84FGCmVURdVvo7MESHRgnFlaWQhDill5kJmPkVfqtmtIUViLg5sQjevE8uBvtOBfkhzOZ2RpfzNxeBLZtmlfRyoNGLrlBHZLofF5Z-M_JTSTC-qs9HNhC9P62X15f3t55uP9d39h08313e1V5KvNUreSejbVksUvRF926i-G_tRCGUa3gwj75XqRAftOHR6aEEY3nRaaS24MY28rN4e--5y-rFHWu0SyOM8u4hpT9Yo3RpjAP6DBKVFA7qQ8kj6nIgyjvb0OMvBHqzYrf1lxR6sWDC2WCmp16f--37B4U_mt4YCvDkBjrybx-yiD_SXk6ZVnTyMf3fksPzbQ8BsyQcskoaQ0a92SOGfF3kENA2ryw</recordid><startdate>2011</startdate><enddate>2011</enddate><creator>Sofuoglu, Sait C.</creator><creator>Aslan, Guler</creator><creator>Inal, Fikret</creator><creator>Sofuoglu, Aysun</creator><general>Elsevier GmbH</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U1</scope><scope>7U2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2011</creationdate><title>An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools</title><author>Sofuoglu, Sait C. ; Aslan, Guler ; Inal, Fikret ; Sofuoglu, Aysun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-e31930b7763e2b82b745b9fbf2258414df1b5592907fd96d70281496566218843</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2011</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air Pollutants - toxicity</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects</topic><topic>Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis</topic><topic>Benzene</topic><topic>Benzene - analysis</topic><topic>Benzene - toxicity</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Carcinogenicity</topic><topic>Carcinogens, Environmental - analysis</topic><topic>Carcinogens, Environmental - toxicity</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Chronic effects</topic><topic>Dichlorobenzene</topic><topic>Formaldehyde</topic><topic>Formaldehyde - analysis</topic><topic>Formaldehyde - toxicity</topic><topic>Health risk</topic><topic>High-performance liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Indoor air</topic><topic>Indoor environments</topic><topic>Irritants - analysis</topic><topic>Irritants - toxicity</topic><topic>Irritation</topic><topic>Isomers</topic><topic>İzmir</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Naphthalene</topic><topic>Naphthalenes - analysis</topic><topic>Naphthalenes - toxicity</topic><topic>Odor</topic><topic>Odorants - analysis</topic><topic>Pollutants</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene</topic><topic>Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>School</topic><topic>Schools</topic><topic>Seasons</topic><topic>Sensory evaluation</topic><topic>Suburban Health</topic><topic>Toluene</topic><topic>Toluene - analysis</topic><topic>Toluene - toxicity</topic><topic>Turkey</topic><topic>Urban Health</topic><topic>Volatile organic compounds</topic><topic>Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis</topic><topic>Volatile Organic Compounds - toxicity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sofuoglu, Sait C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aslan, Guler</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Inal, Fikret</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sofuoglu, Aysun</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Risk Abstracts</collection><collection>Safety Science and Risk</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sofuoglu, Sait C.</au><au>Aslan, Guler</au><au>Inal, Fikret</au><au>Sofuoglu, Aysun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools</atitle><jtitle>International journal of hygiene and environmental health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Hyg Environ Health</addtitle><date>2011</date><risdate>2011</risdate><volume>214</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>36</spage><epage>46</epage><pages>36-46</pages><issn>1438-4639</issn><eissn>1618-131X</eissn><abstract>Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, in classrooms, kindergartens, and outdoor playgrounds of three primary schools were measured in spring, winter, and fall terms in İzmir, Turkey. A health-risk assessment was conducted for odor detection, sensory irritation, chronic toxic effects, and cancer. Active sampling was applied for VOCs and formaldehyde on Tenax TA and DNPH tubes, respectively. VOCs were analyzed in a thermal desorption–GC–MS system. Formaldehyde analysis was performed using an HPLC instrument. Benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde were the most abundant compounds with 95th percentile indoor air concentrations of 29, 87, and 106
μg/m
3, respectively. Naphthalene and xylenes followed them with an order of magnitude lower concentrations. Two isomers of dichlorobenzene (1,3 and 1,4) were the other notable compounds. The concentrations were utilized to classify the indoor air pollutants with respect to potential health effects. In addition, carcinogenic and chronic toxic risks were estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. Formaldehyde appears to be the most concerning pollutant with high chronic toxic and carcinogenic risk levels according to the health assessment followed by naphthalene, benzene, and toluene due to their chronic effects.</abstract><cop>München</cop><pub>Elsevier GmbH</pub><pmid>20833585</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.08.008</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2011, Vol.214 (1), p.36-46 |
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| source | Elsevier |
| subjects | Adolescent Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollutants - toxicity Air Pollution, Indoor - adverse effects Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Benzene Benzene - analysis Benzene - toxicity Biological and medical sciences Cancer Carcinogenicity Carcinogens, Environmental - analysis Carcinogens, Environmental - toxicity Child Chronic effects Dichlorobenzene Formaldehyde Formaldehyde - analysis Formaldehyde - toxicity Health risk High-performance liquid chromatography Humans Indoor air Indoor environments Irritants - analysis Irritants - toxicity Irritation Isomers İzmir Medical sciences Miscellaneous Naphthalene Naphthalenes - analysis Naphthalenes - toxicity Odor Odorants - analysis Pollutants Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Risk Assessment Sampling School Schools Seasons Sensory evaluation Suburban Health Toluene Toluene - analysis Toluene - toxicity Turkey Urban Health Volatile organic compounds Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis Volatile Organic Compounds - toxicity |
| title | An assessment of indoor air concentrations and health risks of volatile organic compounds in three primary schools |
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