Electronegative low-density lipoprotein: Origin and impact on health and disease

• Published in: Atherosclerosis 2011-04, Vol.215 (2), p.257-265
• Main Authors: Mello, Ana Paula Queiroz, da Silva, Isis Tande, Abdalla, Dulcineia Saes Parra, Damasceno, Nágila Raquel Teixeira
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase - metabolism; Apolipoprotein B-100 - metabolism; Apolipoprotein C-III - metabolism; Apolipoproteins E - metabolism; atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis (general aspects, experimental research); athletes; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarker; biomarkers; Blood and lymphatic vessels; Blood. Blood coagulation. Reticuloendothelial system; Cardiology. Vascular system; Cardiovascular; Cardiovascular disease; coronary artery disease; crosslinking; diabetes mellitus; Electronegative LDL; exercise; fatty liver; free fatty acids; glycosylation; hemodialysis; hemoglobin; Humans; hypercholesterolemia; hypertriglyceridemia; Immune response; Lipoproteins, LDL - chemistry; Lipoproteins, LDL - immunology; Lipoproteins, LDL - metabolism; low density lipoprotein; Medical sciences; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative damage; Pathophysiology; patients; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; platelet-activating factor
• ISSN: 0021-9150; 1879-1484
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.028

Abstract Oxidative modifications in lipoproteins (LP), especially in low-density lipoproteins (LDL), are associated with initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The levels of a sub-fraction of LDL with oxidative characteristics, named electronegative LDL [LDL(−)], minimally oxidized LDL, and minus LDL, are known to be increased in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, patients undergoing hemodialysis, and athletes after aerobic exercise. In addition to the oxidative profile, physical and biological characteristics of LDL(−) consist of nonenzymatic glycosylation, increased expression and activity of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), enriched NEFA content, hemoglobin and ApoB-100 cross-linking, and increase in ApoC-III and ApoE in LDL. Herein, we summarize the state of the art of the up-to-date body of knowledge on the possible origin and impact of LDL(−) in health and disease. Further, the potential perspectives of using LDL(−) as a biomarker in conditions under metabolic stress are also discussed.