Effect of garlic and allium-derived products on the growth and metabolism of Spironucleus vortens

• Published in: Experimental parasitology 2011-02, Vol.127 (2), p.490-499
• Main Authors: Millet, Coralie O.M., Lloyd, David, Williams, Catrin, Williams, David, Evans, Gareth, Saunders, Robert A., Cable, Joanne
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: absorbance; Ajoene; Allicin; Allium - chemistry; Allium sativum; Animals; anti-infective properties; Antiprotozoal Agents - pharmacology; aquaculture; bacteria; Biological and medical sciences; Carbon Dioxide - metabolism; culture media; Diplomonad; Diplomonadida - drug effects; Diplomonadida - growth & development; Diplomonadida - metabolism; Disulfides - pharmacology; Dithiins; Fish Diseases - drug therapy; Fisheries; Fishes; Freeze Drying; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; fungi; Garlic; Garlic - chemistry; Hydrogen - metabolism; inhibitory concentration 50; Life cycle. Host-agent relationship. Pathogenesis; Mass Spectrometry; metabolism; metronidazole; Metronidazole - pharmacology; minimum inhibitory concentration; monitoring; Oxygen Consumption - drug effects; parasites; parasitology; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Protozoa; Protozoan Infections, Animal - drug therapy; Spironucleus; Spironucleus vortens; Sulfinic Acids - pharmacology; Sulfur Compounds - pharmacology; toxicity; tropical fish
• ISSN: 0014-4894; 1090-2449
• DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.001

Garlic and allium-derived compounds allicin, ajoene and dithiins have an inhibitory effect on the growth of the protozoan fish parasite Spironucleus vortens. Dithiins are most potent, followed by ajoene, raw garlic and allicin. [Display omitted] ► No satisfactory chemotherapies available for the treatment of spironucleosis. ► Allium-derived compounds had an inhibitory effect on Spironucleus vortens. ► Dithiins were most potent, followed by ajoene, raw garlic and allicin. ► Inhibitory concentrations much higher than for other microorganisms investigated. Spironucleus is a genus of small, flagellated parasites, many of which can infect a wide range of vertebrates and are a significant problem in aquaculture. Following the ban on the use of metronidazole in food fish due to toxicity problems, no satisfactory chemotherapies for the treatment of spironucleosis are currently available. Using membrane inlet mass spectrometry and automated optical density monitoring of growth, we investigated in vitro the effect of Allium sativum (garlic), a herbal remedy known for its antimicrobial properties, on the growth and metabolism of Spironucleus vortens, a parasite of tropical fish and putative agent of hole-in-the-head disease. The allium-derived thiosulfinate compounds allicin and ajoene, as well as an ajoene-free mixture of thiosulfinates and vinyl-dithiins were also tested. Whole, freeze-dried garlic and allium-derived compounds had an inhibitory effect on gas metabolism, exponential growth rate and final growth yield of S. vortens in Keister’s modified, TY-I-S33 culture medium. Of all the allium-derived compounds tested, the ajoene-free mixture of dithiins and thiosulfinates was the most effective with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 107μgml−1 and an inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50%) of 58μgml−1. It was followed by ajoene (MIC=83μgml−1, IC50%=56μgml−1) and raw garlic (MIC >20mgml−1, IC50%=7.9mgml−1); allicin being significantly less potent with an MIC and IC50% above 160μgml−1. All these concentrations are much higher than those reported to be required for the inhibition of most bacteria, protozoa and fungi previously investigated, indicating an unusual level of tolerance for allium-derived products in S. vortens. However, chemically synthesized derivatives of garlic constituents might prove a useful avenue for future research.