Tetramer monitoring to assess risk factors for recurrent cytomegalovirus reactivation and reconstitution of antiviral immunity post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

• Published in: Transplant infectious disease 2011-06, Vol.13 (3), p.222-236
• Main Authors: Borchers, S., Luther, S., Lips, U., Hahn, N., Kontsendorn, J., Stadler, M., Buchholz, S., Diedrich, H., Eder, M., Koehl, U., Ganser, A., Mischak-Weissinger, E.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; antiviral immune reconstitution; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes - immunology; CMV reactivation; Cohort Studies; Cytomegalovirus - immunology; Cytomegalovirus - physiology; Cytomegalovirus Infections - diagnosis; Cytomegalovirus Infections - immunology; Cytomegalovirus Infections - virology; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation - adverse effects; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I - immunology; Humans; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome - immunology; Male; Middle Aged; Multiprotein Complexes - immunology; Peptides - immunology; Recurrence; Risk Factors; stem cell transplantation; tetramer; Transplantation, Homologous - adverse effects; Virus Activation - physiology
• ISSN: 1398-2273; 1399-3062
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00626.x

S. Borchers, S. Luther, U. Lips, N. Hahn, J. Kontsendorn, M. Stadler, S. Buchholz, H. Diedrich, M. Eder, U. Koehl, A. Ganser, E. Mischak‐ Weissinger. Tetramer monitoring to assess risk factors for recurrent cytomegalovirus reactivation and reconstitution of antiviral immunity post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 222–236. All rights reserved Background. Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In healthy individuals, virus‐specific T cells (CMV‐CTL) control the reactivation of latent CMV. The monitoring of virus‐epitope‐binding CD8+ T cells using major histocompatibility complex‐I‐peptide complexes (tetramers) has recently been established, allowing assessment of the reconstitution of CMV‐CTL post HSCT. Patients and methods. In order to study immune reconstitution and reactivation control through CMV‐CTL, we regularly monitored all patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT in our department for 2 years, who matched at least 1 of 6 commercially available tetramers for common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. To verify risk factors for CMV reactivations in our cohorts, clinical characteristics of all patients transplanted within the last 10 years were included in statistical analyses determining the relative risk for single and recurrent CMV reactivations. Results. As expected, CMV serostatus, HLA match, and donor source significantly influenced the risk of recurrent CMV reactivation. Applying CMV‐CTL tetramer monitoring for 2 years allowed the monitoring of 114 (85%) of 134 patients, by testing a set of tetramers representing 6 epitopes from 3 different CMV proteins. The presence of CMV‐CTL before day +50 and their expansion post reactivation seem to protect against recurrent CMV reactivations. The mean number of CMV‐CTL by day +100 was >5‐fold higher in the recipient CMV‐positive/donor‐positive (R+/D+) group (91/μL) compared with the R+/D− (13/μL) and the R−/D+(2/μL) group. Seventy‐nine percent of patients from the R+/D+ setting recovered >10 CMV‐CTL per μL by day +100, while almost 50% of the other groups failed to mount a CMV‐specific response by that time (R+/D−: 58%; R−/D+: 43%). Conclusion. Tetramer monitoring can help to predict (recurrent) CMV reactivation and is a useful approach to monitor individual patients with increased risk for recurrent reactivation post HSCT; thus, it could help to identify patients in nee