Why Envy Outperforms Admiration

Four studies tested the hypothesis that the emotion of benign envy, but not the emotions of admiration or malicious envy, motivates people to improve themselves. Studies 1 to 3 found that only benign envy was related to the motivation to study more (Study 1) and to actual performance on the Remote A...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Personality & social psychology bulletin 2011-06, Vol.37 (6), p.784-795
Main Authors: van de Ven, Niels, Zeelenberg, Marcel, Pieters, Rik
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Creativity
Emotions
Envy
Female
Humans
Identification (Psychology)
Intelligence
Male
Motivation
Netherlands
Psychoanalytic Theory
Role models
Self Concept
Selfimprovement
Social comparison
Studies
Surveys and Questionnaires
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Summary:Four studies tested the hypothesis that the emotion of benign envy, but not the emotions of admiration or malicious envy, motivates people to improve themselves. Studies 1 to 3 found that only benign envy was related to the motivation to study more (Study 1) and to actual performance on the Remote Associates Task (which measures intelligence and creativity; Studies 2 and 3). Study 4 found that an upward social comparison triggered benign envy and subsequent better performance only when people thought self-improvement was attainable. When participants thought self-improvement was hard, an upward social comparison led to more admiration and no motivation to do better. Implications of these findings for theories of social emotions such as envy, social comparisons, and for understanding the influence of role models are discussed.
ISSN:0146-1672
1552-7433
DOI:10.1177/0146167211400421