Ecological sensitivity: a biospheric view of climate change

• Published in: Climatic change 2011-08, Vol.107 (3-4), p.433-457
• Main Authors: Bergengren, Jon C., Waliser, Duane E., Yung, Yuk L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 21st century; 3rd century; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Atmospheric Sciences; Biological and medical sciences; Biosphere; Carbon dioxide; Climate; Climate change; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts; Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change; Communities; Computer simulation; Earth; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Earth, ocean, space; Ecology; Ecosystems; Equilibrium; Exact sciences and technology; External geophysics; Flowers & plants; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects. Techniques; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Mathematical models; Meteorology; Methods and techniques (sampling, tagging, trapping, modelling...); Plant communities; Plants (organisms); Precipitation; Sensitivity analysis; Simulation; Terrestrial ecosystems; Vegetation
• ISSN: 0165-0009; 1573-1480
• DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0065-1

Climate change is often characterized in terms of climate sensitivity, the globally averaged temperature rise associated with a doubling of the atmospheric CO 2 (equivalent) concentration. In this study, we develop and apply two new ecological sensitivity metrics, analogs of climate sensitivity, to investigate the potential degree of plant community changes over the next three centuries. We use ten climate simulations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, with climate sensitivities from 2–4°C. The concept of climate sensitivity depends upon the continuous nature of the temperature field across the Earth’s surface. For this research, the bridge between climate change and biospheric change predictions is provided by the Equilibrium Vegetation Ecology model (EVE), which simulates a continuous description of the Earth’s terrestrial plant communities as a function of climate. The ecosensitivity metrics applied to the results of EVE simulations at the end of the twenty-first century result in 49% of the Earth’s land surface area undergoing plant community changes and 37% of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems undergoing biome-scale changes. EVE is an equilibrium model, and, although rates of ecological change are not addressed, the resultant ecological sensitivity projections provide an estimate of the degree of species turnover that must occur for ecosystems to be in equilibrium with local climates. Regardless of equilibrium timescales, the new metrics highlight the Earth’s degree of ecological sensitivity while identifying ecological “hotspots” in the terrestrial biosphere’s response to projected climate changes over the next three centuries.