Determination of steroid hormones in biological and environmental samples using green microextraction techniques: An overview

• Published in: Analytica chimica acta 2011-10, Vol.704 (1), p.33-46
• Main Authors: Aufartová, Jana, Mahugo-Santana, Cristina, Sosa-Ferrera, Zoraida, Santana-Rodríguez, José Juan, Nováková, Lucie, Solich, Petr
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adsorption; Analysis methods; Animals; Applied sciences; Biological samples; Body Fluids - chemistry; Complex Mixtures - analysis; Complex Mixtures - chemistry; Decapoda; Environmental Monitoring - instrumentation; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Environmental Pollution - prevention & control; Exact sciences and technology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry - methods; Global environmental pollution; Green analytical chemistry; Green Chemistry Technology - instrumentation; Green Chemistry Technology - methods; Hormones - analysis; Hormones - chemistry; Humans; Liquid-phase microextraction; Micellar media; Microextraction; Molecular Imprinting - methods; Natural water pollution; Pollution; Sewage - analysis; Sewage - chemistry; Solid Phase Microextraction - instrumentation; Solid Phase Microextraction - methods; Solvents - chemistry; Steroid hormones; Steroids - analysis; Steroids - chemistry; Wastes; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water samples; Water treatment and pollution
• ISSN: 0003-2670; 1873-4324
• DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.030

[Display omitted] ► Green methodologies for the determination of hormones in environmental samples. ► Applications in MIPs, in-tube SPME, SBSE and MEPS. ► Liquid-phase microextraction approaches like HFME and SD-LPME are also included. ► Automation, use of experimental designs and new solvents should be introduced. Residues of steroid hormones have become a cause for concern because they can affect the biological activity of non-target organisms. Steroid hormones are a potential risk for wildlife and humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Their determination requires extraction and clean-up steps, prior to detection, to reach low concentration levels. In recent years, a great effort has been made to develop new analytical methodologies, such as microextraction techniques, that reduce environmental pollution. Researchers have modified old methods to incorporate procedures that use less-hazardous chemicals or that use smaller amounts of them. They are able to do direct analysis using miniaturised equipment and reduced amounts of solvents and wastes. These accomplishments are the main objectives of green analytical chemistry. In this overview, we focus on microextraction techniques for the determination of steroid hormones in biological (e.g., human urine, human serum, fish, shrimp and prawn tissue and milk) and environmental (e.g., wastewaters, surface waters, tap waters, river waters, sewage sludges, marine sediments and river sediments) samples. We comment on the most recent applications in sorptive-microextraction modes, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS). We also describe liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) approaches reported in the literature that are applied to the determination of steroid hormones.