Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences

• Published in: Psychological medicine 2011-06, Vol.41 (6), p.1301-1310
• Main Authors: Schubart, C. D., van Gastel, W. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Beetz, S. L., Ophoff, R. A., Sommer, I. E. C., Kahn, R. S., Boks, M. P. M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Biological and medical sciences; Cannabis; Child; Confidence intervals; Depression; Drug use; Female; Humans; Male; Marijuana; Marijuana Abuse - epidemiology; Marijuana Smoking - epidemiology; Medical sciences; Mental disorders; Negative symptoms; Netherlands; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Psychoses; Psychoses, Substance-Induced - diagnosis; Psychoses, Substance-Induced - epidemiology; Psychoses, Substance-Induced - psychology; Psychotic symptoms; Statistics as Topic; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0033-2917; 1469-8978
• DOI: 10.1017/S003329171000187X

Cannabis use is associated with psychosis and a range of subclinical psychiatric symptoms. The strength of this association depends on dosage and age at first use. The current study investigates whether level of cannabis exposure and starting age are associated with specific profiles of subclinical symptoms. We collected cross-sectional data from a young adult population sample by administering an online version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Cannabis exposure was quantified as the amount of Euros spent on cannabis per week and the age of initial cannabis use. The primary outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) to belong to the highest 10% of scores on the total CAPE and the positive-, negative- and depressive symptom dimensions. In 17 698 adolescents (mean age 21.6, s.d.=4.2 years), cannabis use at age 12 years or younger was strongly associated with a top 10% score on psychotic experiences [OR 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-4.3] and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.5). The OR of heavy users (>€25/week) for negative symptoms was 3.4 (95% CI 2.9-4.1), for psychotic experiences 3.0 (95% CI 2.4-3.6), and for depressive symptoms 2.8 (95% CI 2.3-3.3). Early start of cannabis use is strongly associated with subclinical psychotic symptoms and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms, while smoking high amounts of cannabis is associated with increased levels of all three symptom dimensions: psychotic, negative and depressive. These results support the hypothesis that the impact of cannabis use is age specific.