Design and evaluation of a filter-based chairside amalgam separation system

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2008-06, Vol.396 (1), p.28-33
• Main Authors: Stone, Mark E., Cohen, Mark E., Berry, Denise L., Ragain, James C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amalgam; Amalgam separators; Applied sciences; Dental wastewater; equipment design; Exact sciences and technology; extraction; filters; filtration; Mercury; Other wastewaters; Pollution; systems analysis; wastewater treatment; Wastewaters; Water treatment and pollution
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.037

This study evaluated the ability of a chairside filtration system to remove particulate-based mercury (Hg) from dental-unit wastewater. Prototypes of the chairside filtration system were designed and fabricated using reusable filter chambers with disposable filter elements. The system was installed in five dental operatories utilizing filter elements with nominal pore sizes of 50μm, 15μm, 1μm, 0.5μm, or with no system installed (control). Daily chairside wastewater samples were collected on ten consecutive days from each room and brought to the laboratory for processing. After processing the wastewater samples, Hg concentrations were determined with cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (USEPA method 7470A). Filter systems were exchanged after ten samples were collected so that all five of the configurations were evaluated in each room (with assignment order balanced by a Latin Square). The numbers of surfaces of amalgam placed and removed per day were tracked in each room. In part two, new filter systems with the 0.5μm filter elements were installed in the five dental operatories and vacuum levels at the high-velocity evacuation cannula tip were measured with a vacuum gauge. In part three of the study, the chairside filtration system utilizing 0.5μm and 15μm filter elements was evaluated utilizing the ISO 11143 testing protocol, a laboratory test of amalgam separator efficiency utilizing amalgam samples of known particle size distribution. Mean Hg per chair per day (no filter installed) was 1087.38mg (SD = 993.92mg). Mean Hg per chair per day for the 50μm, 15μm, 1μm, 0.5μm filter configurations was 79.13mg (SD = 71.40mg), 23.55mg (SD = 23.25mg), 17.68mg (SD = 17.35mg), and 4.25mg (SD = 6.35mg), respectively ( n = 50 for all groups). Calculated removal efficiencies from the clinical samples were 92.7%, 97.8%, 98.4%, and 99.6%, respectively. ANCOVA on data from the four filter groups, with amalgam-surfaces-removed included as a significant covariate, was statistically significant ( P < 0.0001). Tukey post-hoc comparisons ( P ≤ 0.05) indicated that the 50μm filter removed less mercury than all other filters and the 0.5μm removed more mercury than the 50μm and 15μm filters. Chairside vacuum measured on chairs with the 0.5μm filters installed were minimally affected at the time of installation, and then gradually diminished as the filters became loaded with debris. The 0.5μm configuration passed the ISO 11143 testing protocol at 96.8% efficiency.