Malaria in Turkey: Successful control and strategies for achieving elimination

• Published in: Acta tropica 2011-10, Vol.120 (1-2), p.15-23
• Main Authors: Özbilgin, Ahmet, Topluoglu, Seher, Es, Saffet, Islek, Elif, Mollahaliloglu, Salih, Erkoc, Yasin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anopheles; Anopheles - parasitology; Anopheles sacharovi; Antimalarials - pharmacology; Biological and medical sciences; chloroquine; Chloroquine - pharmacology; Disease Outbreaks - prevention & control; General aspects; health services; Human protozoal diseases; Humans; Infectious diseases; Insect Vectors - parasitology; insecticides; issues and policy; Malaria; Malaria, Vivax - epidemiology; Malaria, Vivax - prevention & control; Malaria, Vivax - transmission; Medical sciences; monitoring; motivation; Parasitic diseases; patients; Plasmodium; Plasmodium - isolation & purification; Plasmodium vivax; Protozoal diseases; subtropics; Travel; Turkey; Turkey - epidemiology; Vector
• ISSN: 0001-706X; 1873-6254
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.06.011

[Display omitted] ► The number of malaria cases in Turkey was 84,345 in 1994. ► Effective measures were taken nationwide against malaria after 1994. ► In 2009, only 84 cases were reported, of which 38 were autochthonous cases. ► No autochthonous cases in 2010 until September; thus, “Elimination Phase” commenced. Turkey is located in the middle of Asia, Africa and Europe, close to Caucasia, Balkans and Middle East in subtropical climate zone. Malaria has been known since the early ages of human history and it was one of the leading diseases in Anatolian history, as well. Today, chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium vivax is the only agent of autochthonous malaria cases in Turkey. The other Plasmodium species identified are isolated from imported cases of malaria. The most common vector of malaria in Turkey is Anopheles sacharovi followed by An. superpictus, An. maculipennis and An. subalpinus. In 2009, pre-elimination stage of Malaria Program was started due to dramatic decline in the number of malaria cases in Turkey (Total, 84; 38 autochthonous cases only in 26 foci in south-eastern Anatolia, and 46 imported cases; incidence: 0.1/100,000). As there were no detected cases of new autochthonous malaria in the first 8 months of 2010, elimination stage was started. The role of the persistent policies and successful applications of the Ministry of Health, such as the strict control of the patients using anti-malarial drugs especially chloroquine, avoidance of resistant insecticides, facilitation of access to patients via Health Transformation Program (HTP), establishment of close contact with the patients’ families, and improvement of reporting and surveillance system, was essential. In addition, improvement maintained in the motivations and professional rights of malaria workers, as well in the coordination of field studies and maintenance of a decline or termination in vector-to-person transmission were all achieved with the insistent policies of the Ministry of Health. Other factors that probably contributed to elimination studies include lessening of military operations in south-eastern Anatolia and the lowering of malaria cases in neighbouring countries in recent years. Free access to health services concerning malaria is still successfully conducted throughout the country.