Source apportionment and spatial variability of PM₂.₅ using measurements at five sites in the Netherlands

• Published in: Atmospheric environment (1994) 2011-08, Vol.45 (25), p.4180-4191
• Main Authors: Mooibroek, D, Schaap, M, Weijers, E.P, Hoogerbrugge, R
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aerosols; air; Applied sciences; atmospheric chemistry; Atmospheric pollution; Combustion; Dust; Exact sciences and technology; laws and regulations; oils; particulates; Pollution; Roads; Sprays; traffic; Traffic engineering; Traffic flow
• ISSN: 1352-2310; 1873-2844
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.017

The Netherlands is considered one of the hotspot areas in Europe with high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and may not be able to meet all standards for PM₂.₅ in time with current legislation (Matthijsen et al., 2009). To improve our understanding of the composition, distribution and origin of PM₂.₅ in the ambient air an intensive one-year measurement campaign (from August 2007 to September 2008) was performed at five locations in the Netherlands. The five sites consist of three rural background sites, one urban background site and one curbside site. We have applied source apportionment using Positive Matrix Factorization (EPA-PMF) on the pooled data from the five sites to identify and quantify the most relevant source contributions and their spatial variability to PM₂.₅ in the Netherlands. The results of this study are compared to a full mass closure analysis of the data. Using EPA-PMF we could identify seven unique sources for the PM₂.₅ fraction: nitrate-rich secondary aerosol, sulphate-rich secondary aerosol, traffic and resuspended road dust, industrial (metal) activities/incineration, sea spray, crustal material and residual oil combustion. Wind directional analysis was used to determine the possible locations of the identified sources. On the five locations secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) is responsible for the largest contribution. The contribution of SIA to the total PM₂.₅ mass is largely constant at all used sites. This indicates these sources are common sources which behave like area sources and affects each site. The largest contribution of the traffic and resuspended road dust profile was found at the curbside site. Using combined data from five measurement sites provides focus on the common sources (e.g. SIA) affecting all locations.