New 'phantom' dinoflagellate is the causative agent of major estuarine fish kills

• Published in: Nature (London) 1992-07, Vol.358 (6385), p.407-410
• Main Authors: Burkholder, JoAnn M, Noga, Edward J, Hobbs, Cecil H, Glasgow, Howard B
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Animals; Bioassays; Biological and medical sciences; Brackish; Demecology; Dinoflagellida - physiology; Dinoflagellida - ultrastructure; Estuaries; Fish diseases; Fishes - physiology; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humanities and Social Sciences; letter; Marine biology; Marine Toxins - toxicity; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; multidisciplinary; North Carolina; Oceanography; Phytoplankton; Pisces; Plants and fungi; Salinity tolerance; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Shellfish; Toxins
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/358407a0

A WORLDWIDE increase in toxic phytoplankton blooms over the past 20 years 1,2 has coincided with increasing reports of fish diseases and deaths of unknown cause 3 . Among estuaries that have been repeatedly associated with unexplained fish kills on the western Atlantic Coast are the Pamlico and Neuse Estuaries of the southeastern United States 4 . Here we describe a new toxic dinoflagellate with 'phantom-like' behaviour that has been iden-tified as the causative agent of a significant portion of the fish kills in these estuaries, and which may also be active in other geographic regions. The alga requires live finfish or their fresh excreta for excystment and release of a potent toxin. Low cell densities cause neurotoxic signs and fish death, followed by rapid algal encystment and dormancy unless live fish are added. This dinoflagellate was abundant in the water during major fish kills in local estuaries, but only while fish were dying; within several hours of death where carcasses were still present, the flagellated vegetative algal population had encysted and settled back to the sediments. Isolates from each event were highly lethal to finfish and shellfish in laboratory bioassays. Given its broad temperature and salinity tolerance, and its stimulation by phosphate enrichment, this toxic phytoplankter may be a widespread but undetected source of fish mortality in nutrient-enriched estuaries.