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Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors
Background Seizures after cardiac surgery are a serious complication. The antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (TA), which has known proconvulsant properties, may be associated with postoperative seizures. We sought to determine the association between TA and other risk factors for seizures after...
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| Published in: | Canadian journal of anesthesia 2012-01, Vol.59 (1), p.6-13 |
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| creator | Manji, Rizwan A. Grocott, Hilary P. Leake, Jill Ariano, Rob E. Manji, Jacqueline S. Menkis, Alan H. Jacobsohn, Eric |
| description | Background
Seizures after cardiac surgery are a serious complication. The antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (TA), which has known proconvulsant properties, may be associated with postoperative seizures. We sought to determine the association between TA and other risk factors for seizures after cardiac surgery.
Methods and results
We analyzed a database of consecutive cardiac surgery patients (April 2003 to December 2009) using multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess for seizure risk factors. Seizures occurred in 56 of 5,958 patients (0.94%). TA use was associated with an increased risk of seizures (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.8–19.3;
P
20; preoperative cardiac arrest; preoperative neurological disease; open chamber surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass time > 150 min; and previous cardiac surgery. Seizures occurred at a median of 5.3 hr (interquartile range 2.4–15.1 hr) after the end of surgery. In all, 58.1% were grand mal, 14.5% were associated with a stroke, and 58.1% recurred in hospital. Altogether, 48.3% of the patients were able to discontinue anticonvulsant medications prior to discharge. Compared to the non-seizure group, seizure patients had an increased rate of postoperative neurological complications, defined as delirium and/or stroke (3.2%
vs
19.6%,
P
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s12630-011-9618-z |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_919953772</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>919953772</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-65601e2078f5d06d9788f762c9ab0f3b1c4e193794d235999e48b4e0d38b121a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp10EFLHDEUwPFQlLq1_QC9SBCkp6kvySSTeBPRVhA8aMFbyGQSG52ZrMkM6n56I7tVKHjKIb-XPP4IfSfwkwA0h5lQwaACQioliKxWn9CC1EpUUjV8Cy1AMloJAjc76EvOdwAgBZef0Q6lIDhjbIFurlxYzcll7GPfx8cw3mJrUheMxXlOty49H-Hpr8NhWBo74ejxlMzonswQLDY2dNiMHY6FJJxCvse-sJjyV7TtTZ_dt825i_6cnV6f_K4uLn-dnxxfVJaDmirBBRBHoZGedyA61UjpG0GtMi141hJbO6JYo-qOMq6UcrVsawcdky2hxLBd9GP97jLFh9nlSQ8hW9f3Zck4Z62IUpw1DS1y_z95F-c0luUK4sApVaogskY2xZyT83qZwmDSsyagX6PrdXRdouvX6HpVZvY2D8_t4Lq3iX-VCzjYAJOt6X0JaEN-d5xzYFAXR9cul6uxtH_f8OPfXwAmNJkZ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>915052299</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>Manji, Rizwan A. ; Grocott, Hilary P. ; Leake, Jill ; Ariano, Rob E. ; Manji, Jacqueline S. ; Menkis, Alan H. ; Jacobsohn, Eric</creator><creatorcontrib>Manji, Rizwan A. ; Grocott, Hilary P. ; Leake, Jill ; Ariano, Rob E. ; Manji, Jacqueline S. ; Menkis, Alan H. ; Jacobsohn, Eric</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Seizures after cardiac surgery are a serious complication. The antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (TA), which has known proconvulsant properties, may be associated with postoperative seizures. We sought to determine the association between TA and other risk factors for seizures after cardiac surgery.
Methods and results
We analyzed a database of consecutive cardiac surgery patients (April 2003 to December 2009) using multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess for seizure risk factors. Seizures occurred in 56 of 5,958 patients (0.94%). TA use was associated with an increased risk of seizures (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.8–19.3;
P
< 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with seizures: TA exposure; Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score > 20; preoperative cardiac arrest; preoperative neurological disease; open chamber surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass time > 150 min; and previous cardiac surgery. Seizures occurred at a median of 5.3 hr (interquartile range 2.4–15.1 hr) after the end of surgery. In all, 58.1% were grand mal, 14.5% were associated with a stroke, and 58.1% recurred in hospital. Altogether, 48.3% of the patients were able to discontinue anticonvulsant medications prior to discharge. Compared to the non-seizure group, seizure patients had an increased rate of postoperative neurological complications, defined as delirium and/or stroke (3.2%
vs
19.6%,
P
< 0.001), increased intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (1.0
vs
4.7 days,
P
<
0.001), and increased ICU mortality (1.4 %
vs
9.7 %,
P
= 0.001).
Conclusions
Our data suggest that multiple risk factors, including TA, are associated with seizures after cardiac surgery. Thus, the TA dose may be a readily modifiable risk factor for postoperative seizures.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0832-610X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1496-8975</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12630-011-9618-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 22065333</identifier><identifier>CODEN: CJOAEP</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer-Verlag</publisher><subject>Acids ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy ; Anesthesiology ; Anticonvulsants - therapeutic use ; Antifibrinolytic Agents - administration & dosage ; Antifibrinolytic Agents - adverse effects ; Antifibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures - adverse effects ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures - methods ; Cardiology ; Cohort Studies ; Critical Care Medicine ; Databases, Factual ; Delirium ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Heart surgery ; Humans ; Intensive ; Intensive Care Units ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neurosurgery ; Pain Medicine ; Pediatrics ; Physiology ; Pneumology/Respiratory System ; Postoperative Complications - epidemiology ; Postoperative Complications - etiology ; Regression analysis ; Reports of Original Investigations ; Risk Factors ; Seizures - drug therapy ; Seizures - epidemiology ; Seizures - etiology ; Stroke ; Tranexamic Acid - administration & dosage ; Tranexamic Acid - adverse effects ; Tranexamic Acid - therapeutic use</subject><ispartof>Canadian journal of anesthesia, 2012-01, Vol.59 (1), p.6-13</ispartof><rights>Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2011</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2012</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-65601e2078f5d06d9788f762c9ab0f3b1c4e193794d235999e48b4e0d38b121a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-65601e2078f5d06d9788f762c9ab0f3b1c4e193794d235999e48b4e0d38b121a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25550304$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065333$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Manji, Rizwan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grocott, Hilary P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leake, Jill</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariano, Rob E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manji, Jacqueline S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menkis, Alan H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jacobsohn, Eric</creatorcontrib><title>Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors</title><title>Canadian journal of anesthesia</title><addtitle>Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth</addtitle><addtitle>Can J Anaesth</addtitle><description>Background
Seizures after cardiac surgery are a serious complication. The antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (TA), which has known proconvulsant properties, may be associated with postoperative seizures. We sought to determine the association between TA and other risk factors for seizures after cardiac surgery.
Methods and results
We analyzed a database of consecutive cardiac surgery patients (April 2003 to December 2009) using multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess for seizure risk factors. Seizures occurred in 56 of 5,958 patients (0.94%). TA use was associated with an increased risk of seizures (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.8–19.3;
P
< 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with seizures: TA exposure; Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score > 20; preoperative cardiac arrest; preoperative neurological disease; open chamber surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass time > 150 min; and previous cardiac surgery. Seizures occurred at a median of 5.3 hr (interquartile range 2.4–15.1 hr) after the end of surgery. In all, 58.1% were grand mal, 14.5% were associated with a stroke, and 58.1% recurred in hospital. Altogether, 48.3% of the patients were able to discontinue anticonvulsant medications prior to discharge. Compared to the non-seizure group, seizure patients had an increased rate of postoperative neurological complications, defined as delirium and/or stroke (3.2%
vs
19.6%,
P
< 0.001), increased intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (1.0
vs
4.7 days,
P
<
0.001), and increased ICU mortality (1.4 %
vs
9.7 %,
P
= 0.001).
Conclusions
Our data suggest that multiple risk factors, including TA, are associated with seizures after cardiac surgery. Thus, the TA dose may be a readily modifiable risk factor for postoperative seizures.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Anesthesia</subject><subject>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</subject><subject>Anesthesiology</subject><subject>Anticonvulsants - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antifibrinolytic Agents - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Antifibrinolytic Agents - adverse effects</subject><subject>Antifibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cardiac Surgical Procedures - adverse effects</subject><subject>Cardiac Surgical Procedures - methods</subject><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Critical Care Medicine</subject><subject>Databases, Factual</subject><subject>Delirium</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Heart surgery</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Intensive</subject><subject>Intensive Care Units</subject><subject>Length of Stay</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Multivariate Analysis</subject><subject>Neurosurgery</subject><subject>Pain Medicine</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Pneumology/Respiratory System</subject><subject>Postoperative Complications - epidemiology</subject><subject>Postoperative Complications - etiology</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Reports of Original Investigations</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Seizures - drug therapy</subject><subject>Seizures - epidemiology</subject><subject>Seizures - etiology</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Tranexamic Acid - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Tranexamic Acid - adverse effects</subject><subject>Tranexamic Acid - therapeutic use</subject><issn>0832-610X</issn><issn>1496-8975</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2012</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10EFLHDEUwPFQlLq1_QC9SBCkp6kvySSTeBPRVhA8aMFbyGQSG52ZrMkM6n56I7tVKHjKIb-XPP4IfSfwkwA0h5lQwaACQioliKxWn9CC1EpUUjV8Cy1AMloJAjc76EvOdwAgBZef0Q6lIDhjbIFurlxYzcll7GPfx8cw3mJrUheMxXlOty49H-Hpr8NhWBo74ejxlMzonswQLDY2dNiMHY6FJJxCvse-sJjyV7TtTZ_dt825i_6cnV6f_K4uLn-dnxxfVJaDmirBBRBHoZGedyA61UjpG0GtMi141hJbO6JYo-qOMq6UcrVsawcdky2hxLBd9GP97jLFh9nlSQ8hW9f3Zck4Z62IUpw1DS1y_z95F-c0luUK4sApVaogskY2xZyT83qZwmDSsyagX6PrdXRdouvX6HpVZvY2D8_t4Lq3iX-VCzjYAJOt6X0JaEN-d5xzYFAXR9cul6uxtH_f8OPfXwAmNJkZ</recordid><startdate>20120101</startdate><enddate>20120101</enddate><creator>Manji, Rizwan A.</creator><creator>Grocott, Hilary P.</creator><creator>Leake, Jill</creator><creator>Ariano, Rob E.</creator><creator>Manji, Jacqueline S.</creator><creator>Menkis, Alan H.</creator><creator>Jacobsohn, Eric</creator><general>Springer-Verlag</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FQ</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20120101</creationdate><title>Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors</title><author>Manji, Rizwan A. ; Grocott, Hilary P. ; Leake, Jill ; Ariano, Rob E. ; Manji, Jacqueline S. ; Menkis, Alan H. ; Jacobsohn, Eric</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c509t-65601e2078f5d06d9788f762c9ab0f3b1c4e193794d235999e48b4e0d38b121a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2012</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Anesthesia</topic><topic>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</topic><topic>Anesthesiology</topic><topic>Anticonvulsants - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antifibrinolytic Agents - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Antifibrinolytic Agents - adverse effects</topic><topic>Antifibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cardiac Surgical Procedures - adverse effects</topic><topic>Cardiac Surgical Procedures - methods</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Critical Care Medicine</topic><topic>Databases, Factual</topic><topic>Delirium</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Heart surgery</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Intensive</topic><topic>Intensive Care Units</topic><topic>Length of Stay</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Multivariate Analysis</topic><topic>Neurosurgery</topic><topic>Pain Medicine</topic><topic>Pediatrics</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Pneumology/Respiratory System</topic><topic>Postoperative Complications - epidemiology</topic><topic>Postoperative Complications - etiology</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Reports of Original Investigations</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Seizures - drug therapy</topic><topic>Seizures - epidemiology</topic><topic>Seizures - etiology</topic><topic>Stroke</topic><topic>Tranexamic Acid - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Tranexamic Acid - adverse effects</topic><topic>Tranexamic Acid - therapeutic use</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Manji, Rizwan A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grocott, Hilary P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leake, Jill</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariano, Rob E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manji, Jacqueline S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Menkis, Alan H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jacobsohn, Eric</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health and Medical</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Canadian Business & Current Affairs Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Canadian journal of anesthesia</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Manji, Rizwan A.</au><au>Grocott, Hilary P.</au><au>Leake, Jill</au><au>Ariano, Rob E.</au><au>Manji, Jacqueline S.</au><au>Menkis, Alan H.</au><au>Jacobsohn, Eric</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors</atitle><jtitle>Canadian journal of anesthesia</jtitle><stitle>Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth</stitle><addtitle>Can J Anaesth</addtitle><date>2012-01-01</date><risdate>2012</risdate><volume>59</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>6</spage><epage>13</epage><pages>6-13</pages><issn>0832-610X</issn><eissn>1496-8975</eissn><coden>CJOAEP</coden><abstract>Background
Seizures after cardiac surgery are a serious complication. The antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid (TA), which has known proconvulsant properties, may be associated with postoperative seizures. We sought to determine the association between TA and other risk factors for seizures after cardiac surgery.
Methods and results
We analyzed a database of consecutive cardiac surgery patients (April 2003 to December 2009) using multivariable logistic regression analysis to assess for seizure risk factors. Seizures occurred in 56 of 5,958 patients (0.94%). TA use was associated with an increased risk of seizures (odds ratio 7.4, 95% confidence interval 2.8–19.3;
P
< 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were significantly associated with seizures: TA exposure; Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score > 20; preoperative cardiac arrest; preoperative neurological disease; open chamber surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass time > 150 min; and previous cardiac surgery. Seizures occurred at a median of 5.3 hr (interquartile range 2.4–15.1 hr) after the end of surgery. In all, 58.1% were grand mal, 14.5% were associated with a stroke, and 58.1% recurred in hospital. Altogether, 48.3% of the patients were able to discontinue anticonvulsant medications prior to discharge. Compared to the non-seizure group, seizure patients had an increased rate of postoperative neurological complications, defined as delirium and/or stroke (3.2%
vs
19.6%,
P
< 0.001), increased intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (1.0
vs
4.7 days,
P
<
0.001), and increased ICU mortality (1.4 %
vs
9.7 %,
P
= 0.001).
Conclusions
Our data suggest that multiple risk factors, including TA, are associated with seizures after cardiac surgery. Thus, the TA dose may be a readily modifiable risk factor for postoperative seizures.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer-Verlag</pub><pmid>22065333</pmid><doi>10.1007/s12630-011-9618-z</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0832-610X |
| ispartof | Canadian journal of anesthesia, 2012-01, Vol.59 (1), p.6-13 |
| issn | 0832-610X 1496-8975 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_919953772 |
| source | Springer Nature |
| subjects | Acids Aged Aged, 80 and over Anesthesia Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy Anesthesiology Anticonvulsants - therapeutic use Antifibrinolytic Agents - administration & dosage Antifibrinolytic Agents - adverse effects Antifibrinolytic Agents - therapeutic use Biological and medical sciences Cardiac Surgical Procedures - adverse effects Cardiac Surgical Procedures - methods Cardiology Cohort Studies Critical Care Medicine Databases, Factual Delirium Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Heart surgery Humans Intensive Intensive Care Units Length of Stay Logistic Models Male Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Mortality Multivariate Analysis Neurosurgery Pain Medicine Pediatrics Physiology Pneumology/Respiratory System Postoperative Complications - epidemiology Postoperative Complications - etiology Regression analysis Reports of Original Investigations Risk Factors Seizures - drug therapy Seizures - epidemiology Seizures - etiology Stroke Tranexamic Acid - administration & dosage Tranexamic Acid - adverse effects Tranexamic Acid - therapeutic use |
| title | Seizures following cardiac surgery: the impact of tranexamic acid and other risk factors |
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