Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; ‘meow meow’): chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues

• Published in: Psychopharmacologia 2011-04, Vol.214 (3), p.593-602
• Main Authors: Schifano, Fabrizio, Albanese, Antonio, Fergus, Suzanne, Stair, Jackie L., Deluca, Paolo, Corazza, Ornella, Davey, Zoe, Corkery, John, Siemann, Holger, Scherbaum, Norbert, Farre’, Magi’, Torrens, Marta, Demetrovics, Zsolt, Ghodse, A. Hamid
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Addictive behaviors; Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Animals; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Cocaine; Designer Drugs - adverse effects; Designer Drugs - chemistry; Designer Drugs - pharmacology; Designer Drugs - therapeutic use; Drug addiction; Drug Administration Routes; Drug use; Ecstasy (Drug); Fatalities; Humans; Medical sciences; Methamphetamine - adverse effects; Methamphetamine - analogs & derivatives; Methamphetamine - chemistry; Methamphetamine - pharmacology; Methamphetamine - therapeutic use; Neuropharmacology; Neurosciences; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Pharmacology/Toxicology; Psychiatry; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer; Psychoanaleptics: cns stimulant, antidepressant agent, nootropic agent, mood stabilizer..., (alzheimer disease); Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry; Psychopharmacology; Psychotropic drugs; Review; Substance-Related Disorders - drug therapy; Substance-Related Disorders - mortality; Substance-Related Disorders - prevention & control
• ISSN: 0033-3158; 1432-2072
• DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2070-x

Background Recently, those substances deriving from the active ingredient of the Khat plant, cathinone, have been rising in popularity. Indeed, 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone; ‘meow meow’ and others) has been seen by some as a cheaper alternative to other classified recreational drugs. Aims We aimed here at providing a state-of-the-art review on mephedrone history and prevalence of misuse, chemistry, pharmacology, legal status, product market appearance, clinical/management and related fatalities. Methods Because of the limited evidence, some of the information here presented has been obtained from user reports/drug user-orientated web sites. The most common routes for mephedrone recreational use include insufflation and oral ingestion. It elicits stimulant and empathogenic effects similar to amphetamine, methylamphetamine, cocaine and MDMA. Due to its sympathomimetic actions, mephedrone may be associated with a number of both physical and psychopathological side effects. Recent preliminary analysis of recent UK data carried out in 48 related cases have provided positive results for the presence of mephedrone at postmortem. Discussion and Conclusions Within the UK, diffusion of mephedrone may have been associated with an unprecedented combination of a particularly aggressive online marketing policy and a decreasing availability/purity of both ecstasy and cocaine. Mephedrone has been recently classified in both the UK and in a number of other countries as a measure to control its availability. Following this, a few other research psychoactives have recently entered the online market as yet unregulated substances that may substitute for mephedrone. Only international collaborative efforts may be able to tackle the phenomenon of the regular offer of novel psychoactive drugs.