Measurement of the sound velocity in fluids using the echo signals from scattering particles

• Published in: Ultrasonics 2012, Vol.52 (1), p.117-124
• Main Authors: Lenz, Michael, Bock, Martin, Kühnicke, Elfgard, Pal, Josef, Cramer, Andreas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acoustics; Annular array; Calibration; Echo surveys; Ethanol - chemistry; Exact sciences and technology; Fluid dynamics; Fluid flow; Fluids; Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications); Glycerol - chemistry; Non-invasive; Physics; Scatterers; Scattering; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Sound; Sound field; Sound fields; Sound velocity; Sparse array; Temperature; Transducers; Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound; Ultrasonics - instrumentation; Water - chemistry
• ISSN: 0041-624X; 1874-9968
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.07.003

► The echos from scatterering particles in a fluid suffice to measure sound velocity. ► The maximum of the echo signal amplitude indicates the focus position. ► The time of flight to the focus is a measure for the sound velocity. ► By varying the focus position, sound velocity profiles can be measured. ► Proof of concept is given by simulation and experiment. With conventional methods the sound velocity c in fluids can be determined using the back wall echo. This paper proposes a novel technique, in which the signals reflected by scattering particles suspended in a fluid are analysed instead. The basic idea is that the particles generate the strongest echo signal when being located in the sound field maximum. Therefore the position of the echo signal maximum is a measure for the propagation time to the sound field maximum. Provided that calibration data or sound field simulations for the ultrasonic transducer are available, this propagation time suffices to determine both sound velocity and the location of the sound field maximum. The feasibility of the new approach is demonstrated by different kinds of experiments: (i) Measurements of the sound velocity c in four fluids covering the wide range between 1116 and 2740 m/s. The results show good agreement with values published elsewhere. (ii) Using the dependence of the sound velocity on temperature, it is possible to vary c over the comparatively small range between 1431 and 1555 m/s with increments of less than 10 m/s. The measured statistical variation of 1.4 m/s corresponds to a relative uncertainty not worse than 0.1%. (iii) The focus position, i.e. the distance of the maximum of the sound field from the transducer, was varied by time-shifted superposition of the receive signals belonging to the different elements of an annular array. The results indicate that the novel method is even capable of measuring profiles of the sound velocity along the ultrasonic beam non-invasively.