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Activity and Residues of Imidacloprid Applied to Soil and Tree Trunks to Control Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Forests

We studied imidacloprid application methods and timing to control the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests. The methods compared were 1) soil injection near the trunk; 2) soil injection dispersed throughout the area under the canopy; 3) soil drench near th...

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Published in:Journal of economic entomology 2006-08, Vol.99 (4), p.1258-1267
Main Authors: Cowles, R. S., Montgomery, M. E., Cheah, C. A S-J.
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Cheah, C. A S-J.
description We studied imidacloprid application methods and timing to control the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests. The methods compared were 1) soil injection near the trunk; 2) soil injection dispersed throughout the area under the canopy; 3) soil drench near the base of the trunk; and trunk injection with the 4) Arborjet, 5) Wedgle, and 6) Mauget systems. The applications were made in the fall and the following spring. Adelgid populations on the hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) were assessed in the fall of two successive years after the treatments. Relative to the untreated control trees, all the soil applications resulted in population reductions, but none of the trunk injections resulted in reductions. Fall and spring treatment efficacy did not differ. Reductions by the soil treatments were between 50 and 100% (avg 80%) by the first fall and 83–100% (avg 98.5%) by the second fall. Analysis of imidacloprid residues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay found residues in sap, needles, and twigs 1 mo to 3-yr after application. A laboratory dose–response bioassay using excised, adelgid-infested hemlock branches with cut ends immersed in serial dilutions of imidacloprid determined the LC50 value to be 300 ppb, based on an exposure of 20 d. A high degree of suppression of the adelgid on forest trees was associated with residues in hemlock tissue >120 ppb 2 yr after soil treatment. Although precise relationships between residues and efficacy are elusive, it is clear that soil application of imidacloprid resulted in chronic residues of imidacloprid in tissues and suppression of adelgid populations for >2 yr.
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S. ; Montgomery, M. E. ; Cheah, C. A S-J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Cowles, R. S. ; Montgomery, M. E. ; Cheah, C. A S-J.</creatorcontrib><description>We studied imidacloprid application methods and timing to control the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests. The methods compared were 1) soil injection near the trunk; 2) soil injection dispersed throughout the area under the canopy; 3) soil drench near the base of the trunk; and trunk injection with the 4) Arborjet, 5) Wedgle, and 6) Mauget systems. The applications were made in the fall and the following spring. Adelgid populations on the hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) were assessed in the fall of two successive years after the treatments. Relative to the untreated control trees, all the soil applications resulted in population reductions, but none of the trunk injections resulted in reductions. Fall and spring treatment efficacy did not differ. 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General forest ecology ; Hemiptera ; imidacloprid ; Imidazoles - administration &amp; dosage ; Imidazoles - pharmacokinetics ; insect control ; insecticide ; insecticide residues ; Insecticides - administration &amp; dosage ; Insecticides - pharmacokinetics ; lethal dose 50 ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; pesticide formulations ; pesticide persistence ; Pesticide Residues - pharmacokinetics ; Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection ; Population Density ; Protozoa. 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S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montgomery, M. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheah, C. A S-J.</creatorcontrib><title>Activity and Residues of Imidacloprid Applied to Soil and Tree Trunks to Control Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Forests</title><title>Journal of economic entomology</title><addtitle>J Econ Entomol</addtitle><description>We studied imidacloprid application methods and timing to control the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in forests. The methods compared were 1) soil injection near the trunk; 2) soil injection dispersed throughout the area under the canopy; 3) soil drench near the base of the trunk; and trunk injection with the 4) Arborjet, 5) Wedgle, and 6) Mauget systems. The applications were made in the fall and the following spring. Adelgid populations on the hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) were assessed in the fall of two successive years after the treatments. Relative to the untreated control trees, all the soil applications resulted in population reductions, but none of the trunk injections resulted in reductions. Fall and spring treatment efficacy did not differ. Reductions by the soil treatments were between 50 and 100% (avg 80%) by the first fall and 83–100% (avg 98.5%) by the second fall. Analysis of imidacloprid residues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay found residues in sap, needles, and twigs 1 mo to 3-yr after application. A laboratory dose–response bioassay using excised, adelgid-infested hemlock branches with cut ends immersed in serial dilutions of imidacloprid determined the LC50 value to be 300 ppb, based on an exposure of 20 d. A high degree of suppression of the adelgid on forest trees was associated with residues in hemlock tissue &gt;120 ppb 2 yr after soil treatment. Although precise relationships between residues and efficacy are elusive, it is clear that soil application of imidacloprid resulted in chronic residues of imidacloprid in tissues and suppression of adelgid populations for &gt;2 yr.</description><subject>Adelges tsugae</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>application timing</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>FOREST ENTOMOLOGY</subject><subject>Forestry</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>General forest ecology</subject><subject>Generalities</subject><subject>Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology</subject><subject>Hemiptera</subject><subject>imidacloprid</subject><subject>Imidazoles - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Imidazoles - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>insect control</subject><subject>insecticide</subject><subject>insecticide residues</subject><subject>Insecticides - administration &amp; dosage</subject><subject>Insecticides - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>lethal dose 50</subject><subject>Neonicotinoids</subject><subject>Nitro Compounds</subject><subject>pesticide formulations</subject><subject>pesticide persistence</subject><subject>Pesticide Residues - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>Protozoa. Invertebrates</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>soil drenching</subject><subject>soil injection</subject><subject>systemic</subject><subject>tree injection</subject><subject>tree trunk</subject><subject>trunk injection</subject><subject>Tsuga</subject><subject>Tsuga - metabolism</subject><subject>Tsuga - parasitology</subject><issn>0022-0493</issn><issn>1938-291X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2006</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpF0VFr2zAQB3AxNta02ycYdHoZtA_OTpLtSH0LoWkLhcHasL0J2ToHtYplLGeQj9BvXXlJ2pcTnH4cOv0J-cZgykoQPwE4zyBXIlNqmk8ZL-QHMmFKyIwr9vcjmbyJE3Ia4xMAKzmDz-SElUrMSgkT8jKvB_fPDTtqWkt_Y3R2i5GGht5tnDW1D13vLJ13nXdo6RDoQ3D-P37sEVPZts9x7C9CO_TB01vc-FA_0z8heL-jc4t-nSZcpL7rBuzN1bFn8JK6li5Dj3GIX8inxviIXw_nGVktrx8Xt9n9r5u7xfw-q3KAIVU-EwptUQvDK8FKyTiCVMzOAEpZG8MUNIojJlgoFJLLvLS84hVURc3FGTnfz-221QatTvttTL_Txz9J4McBmFgb3_SmrV18dxIYCFkk933vGhO0WffJrB44MJHulUyPSYLtReVCaPF9BOgxQT3mo8d8tFI612OC4hV_moiw</recordid><startdate>20060801</startdate><enddate>20060801</enddate><creator>Cowles, R. 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General forest ecology</topic><topic>Hemiptera</topic><topic>imidacloprid</topic><topic>Imidazoles - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Imidazoles - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>insect control</topic><topic>insecticide</topic><topic>insecticide residues</topic><topic>Insecticides - administration &amp; dosage</topic><topic>Insecticides - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>lethal dose 50</topic><topic>Neonicotinoids</topic><topic>Nitro Compounds</topic><topic>pesticide formulations</topic><topic>pesticide persistence</topic><topic>Pesticide Residues - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection</topic><topic>Population Density</topic><topic>Protozoa. Invertebrates</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>soil drenching</topic><topic>soil injection</topic><topic>systemic</topic><topic>tree injection</topic><topic>tree trunk</topic><topic>trunk injection</topic><topic>Tsuga</topic><topic>Tsuga - metabolism</topic><topic>Tsuga - parasitology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cowles, R. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montgomery, M. E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheah, C. A S-J.</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><jtitle>Journal of economic entomology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cowles, R. S.</au><au>Montgomery, M. 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The applications were made in the fall and the following spring. Adelgid populations on the hemlocks (Tsuga spp.) were assessed in the fall of two successive years after the treatments. Relative to the untreated control trees, all the soil applications resulted in population reductions, but none of the trunk injections resulted in reductions. Fall and spring treatment efficacy did not differ. Reductions by the soil treatments were between 50 and 100% (avg 80%) by the first fall and 83–100% (avg 98.5%) by the second fall. Analysis of imidacloprid residues using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay found residues in sap, needles, and twigs 1 mo to 3-yr after application. A laboratory dose–response bioassay using excised, adelgid-infested hemlock branches with cut ends immersed in serial dilutions of imidacloprid determined the LC50 value to be 300 ppb, based on an exposure of 20 d. A high degree of suppression of the adelgid on forest trees was associated with residues in hemlock tissue &gt;120 ppb 2 yr after soil treatment. Although precise relationships between residues and efficacy are elusive, it is clear that soil application of imidacloprid resulted in chronic residues of imidacloprid in tissues and suppression of adelgid populations for &gt;2 yr.</abstract><cop>Lanham, MD</cop><pub>Entomological Society of America</pub><pmid>16937680</pmid><doi>10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1258</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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issn 0022-0493
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source Oxford Journals Online
subjects Adelges tsugae
Animals
application timing
Biological and medical sciences
Control
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
FOREST ENTOMOLOGY
Forestry
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
General forest ecology
Generalities
Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology
Hemiptera
imidacloprid
Imidazoles - administration & dosage
Imidazoles - pharmacokinetics
insect control
insecticide
insecticide residues
Insecticides - administration & dosage
Insecticides - pharmacokinetics
lethal dose 50
Neonicotinoids
Nitro Compounds
pesticide formulations
pesticide persistence
Pesticide Residues - pharmacokinetics
Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection
Population Density
Protozoa. Invertebrates
Soil
soil drenching
soil injection
systemic
tree injection
tree trunk
trunk injection
Tsuga
Tsuga - metabolism
Tsuga - parasitology
title Activity and Residues of Imidacloprid Applied to Soil and Tree Trunks to Control Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Forests
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