Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater

A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protect...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental health research 2006-12, Vol.16 (6), p.405-418
Main Authors: Di Giovanni, George D., Betancourt, Walter Q., Hernandez, Joe, Assadian, Naomi W., Flores Margez, Juan P., Lopez, Esaul Jaramillo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
cell culture
Conservation of Natural Resources
Cryptosporidiosis - transmission
Cryptosporidium - classification
Cryptosporidium - genetics
Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Disease Transmission, Infectious
Feces - parasitology
Fresh Water - microbiology
Fresh Water - parasitology
Giardia - classification
Giardia - genetics
Giardia - isolation & purification
Giardia lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis)
Giardiasis - transmission
Humans
Mexico
Molecular Sequence Data
reclaimed wastewater
Sheep - parasitology
Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods
Water Purification - methods
zoonoses
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Summary:A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.
ISSN:0960-3123
1369-1619
DOI:10.1080/09603120601095100