Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments

A growing body of evidence shows that humans are remarkably altruistic primates. Food sharing and division of labor play an important role in all human societies, and cooperation extends beyond the bounds of close kinship and networks of reciprocating partners. In humans, altruism is motivated at le...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2011-06, Vol.108 (Supplement 2), p.10910-10917
Main Authors: Silk, Joan B, House, Bailey R
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptation, Physiological
Altruism
Animals
Biological altruism
Biological Evolution
Callitrichidae
Charitable behavior
Chimpanzees
COLLOQUIUM PAPERS
Cooperative Behavior
Evolution
Experimentation
Humans
kinship
labor
Pan troglodytes
phylogeny
Primates
Reciprocal altruism
Social behavior
Social Environment
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Summary:A growing body of evidence shows that humans are remarkably altruistic primates. Food sharing and division of labor play an important role in all human societies, and cooperation extends beyond the bounds of close kinship and networks of reciprocating partners. In humans, altruism is motivated at least in part by empathy and concern for the welfare of others. Although altruistic behavior is well-documented in other primates, the range of altruistic behaviors in other primate species, including the great apes, is much more limited than it is in humans. Moreover, when altruism does occur among other primates, it is typically limited to familiar group members—close kin, mates, and reciprocating partners. This suggests that there may be fundamental differences in the social preferences that motivate altruism across the primate order, and there is currently considerable interest in how we came to be such unusual apes. A body of experimental studies designed to examine the phylogenetic range of prosocial sentiments and behavior is beginning to shed some light on this issue. In experimental settings, chimpanzees and tamarins do not consistently take advantage of opportunities to deliver food rewards to others, although capuchins and marmosets do deliver food rewards to others in similar kinds of tasks. Although chimpanzees do not satisfy experimental criteria for prosociality in food delivery tasks, they help others complete tasks to obtain a goal. Differences in performance across species and differences in performance across tasks are not yet fully understood and raise new questions for further study.
ISSN:0027-8424
1091-6490
DOI:10.1073/pnas.1100305108