Measuring in-use ship emissions with international and U.S. federal methods

Regulatory agencies have shifted their emphasis from measuring emissions during certification cycles to measuring emissions during actual use. Emission measurements in this research were made from two different large ships at sea to compare the Simplified Measurement Method (SMM) compliant with the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995) 2013-03, Vol.63 (3), p.284-291
Main Authors: Khan, M. Yusuf, Ranganathan, Sindhuja, Agrawal, Harshit, Welch, William A., Laroo, Christopher, Miller, J. Wayne, Cocker, David R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Algorithms
Applied sciences
Atmospheric pollution
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Comparative analysis
Emission analysis
Emissions control
Environmental protection
Errors
Exact sciences and technology
Gases - analysis
Global environmental pollution
Measurement
Measurement methods
Particulate Matter - analysis
Pollution
Regulatory agencies
Ships
United States
Vehicle Emissions - analysis
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Summary:Regulatory agencies have shifted their emphasis from measuring emissions during certification cycles to measuring emissions during actual use. Emission measurements in this research were made from two different large ships at sea to compare the Simplified Measurement Method (SMM) compliant with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) NO x Technical Code to the Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) compliant with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1065 for on-road emission testing. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured at load points specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to compare the two measurement methods. The average percentage errors calculated for PEMS measurements were 6.5%, 0.6%, and 357% for NO x  , CO 2 , and CO, respectively. The NO x percentage error of 6.5% corresponds to a 0.22 to 1.11 g/kW-hr error in moving from Tier III (3.4 g/kW-hr) to Tier I (17.0 g/kW-hr) emission limits. Emission factors (EFs) of NO x and CO 2 measured via SMM were comparable to other studies and regulatory agencies estimates. However, EF PM2.5 for this study was up to 26% higher than that currently used by regulatory agencies. The PM 2.5 was comprised predominantly of hydrated sulfate (70-95%), followed by organic carbon (11-14%), ash (6-11%), and elemental carbon (0.4-0.8%).
ISSN:1096-2247
2162-2906
DOI:10.1080/10962247.2012.744370