Geographical variation in the exhaled volatile organic compounds

• Published in: Journal of breath research 2013-12, Vol.7 (4), p.047102-047102
• Main Authors: Amal, Haitham, Leja, Marcis, Broza, Yoav Y, Tisch, Ulrike, Funka, Konrads, Liepniece-Karele, Inta, Skapars, Roberts, Xu, Zhen-qin, Liu, Hu, Haick, Hossam
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers - analysis; breath test; Breath tests; Breath Tests - methods; China - epidemiology; Disease; Exhalation; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gastric cancer; geographical variation; Humans; Latvia - epidemiology; Male; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Sex Distribution; Stomach Diseases - diagnosis; Stomach Diseases - epidemiology; VOCs; volatile organic compound; Volatile organic compounds; Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1752-7155; 1752-7163
• DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/047102

Breath-gas analysis has demonstrated that concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be used for detecting a variety of diseases, among them gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Here, we explore how geographical variation affects the disease-specific changes in the chemical composition of breath samples, as compared to control states (less severe gastric conditions). Alveolar exhaled breath samples from 260 patients were collected at two remotely different geographic locations (China and Latvia), following similar breath-collection protocols. Each cohort included 130 patients that were matched in terms of diagnosis (37 GC 32 PUD 61 controls), average age, gender ratio and smoking habits. Helicobacter Pylori infection, which is a major cause for GC and PUD, was found in part of the patients, as well as in part of the controls, at both locations. The breath samples were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, using the same equipment and protocol-of-experiment. We observed similar characteristic differences in the chemical composition of the breath samples between the study groups at the two locations, even though the exact composition of the breath samples differed. Both in China and Latvia, the GC patients and controls could be distinguished by differences in the average levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; PUD patients were distinguished from controls by the levels of aromatic compounds and alcohols; GC and PUD patients could not be distinguished at either site. This pilot study indicates the limitations of chemical breath-gas analysis alone for identifying gastric diseases based on the concentration profiles of separate VOCs in international patient cohorts. We assume that these limitations would apply to other diseases as well. The presented data could potentially be useful for developing an alternative, universally applicable diagnostic method that relies on the detection of changes in the collective patterns of the disease-specific classes of exhaled VOCs.