Epigenetic Signatures and Plasticity of Intestinal and Other Stem Cells

The cardinal properties of adult tissue stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to generate diverse resident cell types. The daily losses of terminally differentiated intestinal, skin, and blood cells require "professional" stem cells to produce replacements. This occurs by continuous...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of physiology 2021-02, Vol.83 (1), p.405-427
Main Authors: Saxena, Madhurima, Shivdasani, Ramesh A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Blood cells
Cell differentiation
Cell Differentiation - genetics
Cell Differentiation - physiology
Cell fate
Cell Lineage - genetics
Cell Lineage - physiology
Cell Plasticity - genetics
Cell Plasticity - physiology
Cell self-renewal
Chromatin
chromatin basis of cell differentiation
Crypts
dedifferentiation
differentiation
Differentiation (biology)
Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics
Epigenesis, Genetic - physiology
Epigenetics
Humans
Intestine
Intestines - physiology
lineage plasticity
Progeny
Regulatory sequences
stem cell compartments
stem cell plasticity
Stem cells
Stem Cells - physiology
Tissues
Transcription activation
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Summary:The cardinal properties of adult tissue stem cells are self-renewal and the ability to generate diverse resident cell types. The daily losses of terminally differentiated intestinal, skin, and blood cells require "professional" stem cells to produce replacements. This occurs by continuous expansion of stem cells and their immediate progeny, followed by coordinated activation of divergent transcriptional programs to generate stable cells with diverse functions. Other tissues turn over slowly, if at all, and vary widely in strategies for facultative stem cell activity or interconversion among mature resident cell types (transdifferentiation). Cell fate potential is programmed in tissue-specific configurations of chromatin, which restrict the complement of available genes and cis- regulatory elements, hence allowing specific cell types to arise. Using as a model the transcriptional and chromatin basis of cell differentiation and dedifferentiation in intestinal crypts, we discuss here how self-renewing and other tissues execute homeostatic and injury-responsive stem cell activity.
ISSN:0066-4278
1545-1585
DOI:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034520