Gut Microbiota in Intestinal and Liver Disease

It is known that the gut microbiota, the numerically vast and taxonomically diverse microbial communities that thrive in a symbiotic fashion within our alimentary tract, can affect the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Further, disturbances of the microbiota community struct...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of pathology 2021-01, Vol.16 (1), p.251-275
Main Authors: Jones, Rheinallt M, Neish, Andrew S
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Dysbiosis - complications
Dysbiosis - immunology
Dysbiosis - pathology
epithelial cell
Gastrointestinal Diseases - immunology
Gastrointestinal Diseases - microbiology
Gastrointestinal Diseases - pathology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology
hepatocyte
Humans
inflammation
Inflammation - immunology
Liver Diseases - immunology
Liver Diseases - microbiology
Liver Diseases - pathology
metabolism
microbiota
neoplasia
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Summary:It is known that the gut microbiota, the numerically vast and taxonomically diverse microbial communities that thrive in a symbiotic fashion within our alimentary tract, can affect the normal physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Further, disturbances of the microbiota community structure from both endogenous and exogenous influences as well as the failure of host responsive mechanisms have been implicated in a variety of disease processes. Mechanistically, alterations in intestinal permeability and dysbiosis of the microbiota can result in inflammation, immune activation, and exposure to xenobiotic influences. Additionally, the gut and liver are continually exposed to small molecule products of the microbiota with proinflammatory, gene regulatory, and oxidative properties. Long-term coevolution has led to tolerance and incorporation of these influences into normal physiology and homeostasis; conversely, changes in this equilibrium from either the host or the microbial side can result in a wide variety of immune, inflammatory, metabolic, and neoplastic intestinal and hepatic disorders.
ISSN:1553-4006
1553-4014
DOI:10.1146/annurev-pathol-030320-095722