Microglia and Central Nervous System-Associated Macrophages-From Origin to Disease Modulation

The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. While they were...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of immunology 2021-04, Vol.39 (1), p.251-277
Main Authors: Prinz, Marco, Masuda, Takahiro, Wheeler, Michael A, Quintana, Francisco J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
development
fate mapping
macrophages
microglia
multiple sclerosis
single-cell profiling
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Summary:The immune system of the central nervous system (CNS) consists primarily of innate immune cells. These are highly specialized macrophages found either in the parenchyma, called microglia, or at the CNS interfaces, such as leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. While they were primarily thought of as phagocytes, their function extends well beyond simple removal of cell debris during development and diseases. Brain-resident innate immune cells were found to be plastic, long-lived, and host to an outstanding number of risk genes for multiple pathologies. As a result, they are now considered the most suitable targets for modulating CNS diseases. Additionally, recent single-cell technologies enhanced our molecular understanding of their origins, fates, interactomes, and functional cell statesduring health and perturbation. Here, we review the current state of our understanding and challenges of the myeloid cell biology in the CNS and treatment options for related diseases.
ISSN:0732-0582
1545-3278
DOI:10.1146/annurev-immunol-093019-110159