The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis

• Published in: International journal of neuroscience 2024-07, Vol.ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print), p.1-19
• Main Authors: Haghmorad, Dariush, Soltanmohammadi, Azita, Jadid Tavaf, Maryam, Zargarani, Simin, Yazdanpanah, Esmaeil, Shadab, Alireza, Yousefi, Bahman
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; autoimmune diseases; calcium; Calcium - metabolism; Gonadal Steroid Hormones - metabolism; Humans; Multiple sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis - immunology; Multiple Sclerosis - metabolism; sex hormones; vitamin D; Vitamin D - metabolism
• ISSN: 0020-7454; 1563-5279; 1563-5279; 1543-5245
• DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2147431

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes disability and paralysis, especially among young adults. Although interactions of several factors, such as viral infections, autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors, performance a role in the beginning and progression of the disease, the exact cause of MS is unknown to date. Different immune cells such as Th1 and Th17 play an impressive role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, while, regulatory cells such as Th2 and Treg diminish the severity of the illness. Sex hormones have a vital role in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone have various roles in the progress of MS, which higher prevalence of disease in women and more severe in men reveals the importance of sex hormones' role in this disease. Vitamin D after chemical changes in the body, as an active hormone called calcitriol, plays an important role in regulating immune responses and improves MS by modulating the immune system. The optimum level of calcium in the body with vitamin D modulates immune responses and calcium as an essential ion in the body plays a key role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The interaction between vitamin D and sex hormones has protective and therapeutic effects against MS and functional synergy between estrogen and calcitriol occurs in disease recovery. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium interact with each other to regulate the immune system and shift them to anti-inflammatory responses.