Removal of imipramine using advanced oxidation processes: Degradation products and toxicity evolution

Pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in natural and wastewater bodies, and are very important in environmental toxicology because of their stable nature. Advanced oxidation methods used to remove contaminants are of great benefit, especially removing pharmaceuticals unsuitable for biodegradation....

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Published in:Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering, 2023, Vol.58 (4), p.359-368
Main Authors: Doğan Çalhan, Selda, Görmez, Özkan, Aktaş Şüküroğlu, Ayça, Saçlı, Barış, Gözmen, Belgin
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
allium cepa assay
Anodic oxidation
Anodizing
Biocompatibility
Biodegradation
Biological oxidation
Contaminants
Cytotoxicity
Degradation
Degradation products
Genotoxicity
Hydrogen Peroxide
Imipramine
Imipramine - toxicity
In vivo methods and tests
Onions
Oxidants
Oxidation
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidizing agents
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Pharmaceuticals
Pollutant removal
subcritical water oxidation
Toxicity
Toxicology
Wastewater
Water
Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
Water Purification - methods
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Summary:Pharmaceuticals are frequently detected in natural and wastewater bodies, and are very important in environmental toxicology because of their stable nature. Advanced oxidation methods used to remove contaminants are of great benefit, especially removing pharmaceuticals unsuitable for biodegradation. In this study, imipramine was degraded by anodic oxidation and subcritical water oxidation, which are advanced oxidation methods. The determination of degradation products was performed by Q-TOF LC/MS analysis. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the degradation samples were determined by the in vivo Allium Cepa method. Among the anodic oxidation samples, the lowest cytotoxicity was obtained after using 400 mA current, and 420 min of degradation time. No cytotoxic effect was observed in any subcritical water oxidation sample. However, when 10 mM hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant was used at 150 °C and the reaction time was 90 min, the subcritical water oxidation sample showed a genotoxic effect. The results of the study showed that it is crucial to evaluate the toxicity levels of the degradation products and which advanced oxidation methods are preferred for removing imipramine. The optimum conditions determined for both oxidation methods can be used as a preliminary step for biological oxidation methods in the degradation of imipramine.
ISSN:1093-4529
1532-4117
DOI:10.1080/10934529.2023.2187186