Nitrate and nitroarene hydrogenations catalyzed by alkaline-earth nickel phosphide clathrates

• Published in: Dalton transactions : an international journal of inorganic chemistry 2024-03, Vol.53 (12), p.572-571
• Main Authors: Adamson, Marquix A. S, Wei, Lin, Yox, Philip, Hafiz, Fatema H. B, Vela, Javier
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aniline; Ball milling; Catalysts; Clathrates; Comminution; Condensates; Hydrogenation; Nickel; Nitrobenzene; Phosphides
• ISSN: 1477-9226; 1477-9234
• DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00332b

The alkaline-earth-containing nickel phosphide clathrates AeNi 2 P 4 (Ae = Ba, Sr) are investigated as catalysts for the reduction of nitrate or nitroarenes in aqueous or ethanolic solution, respectively. While AeNi 2 P 4 clathrates are inactive in their bulk polycrystalline form, they become active in nitrate hydrogenation after size reduction by either grinding or ball milling. However, while the clathrate structure remains intact after manual grinding, ball milling is of limited use as it results in significant clathrate degradation. Ground AeNi 2 P 4 catalysts are also active in nitroarene hydrogenation. Condensation products such as azoxy- and azo-benzenes form early (4 h) but anilines accumulate after long reaction times (24 h). Unexpectedly, BaNi 2 P 4 partially devinylates nitrostyrene to nitrobenzene. Overall, BaNi 2 P 4 is more active than SrNi 2 P 4 in both nitrate and nitroarene hydrogenation. These results showcase the potential utility of clathrates in a growing number of catalytic transformations. Grinding and hydrogen-annealing activate ANi 2 P 4 (A = Ba or Sr) clathrates toward the reduction of nitrate or nitroarenes. Activity and selectivity can be tuned based on the catalyst activation method, particle size, or acid used.