A dive into the physiological responses to maximal apneas, O 2 and CO 2 tables in apnea novices

Apnea duration is dependent on three factors: oxygen storage, oxygen consumption, hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. While current literature focuses on maximal apneas to improve apnea duration, apnea trained individuals use timed-repeated submaximal apneas, called "O and CO tables". These...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European journal of applied physiology 2024-12, Vol.124 (12), p.3593
Main Authors: Declercq, Louise, Bouten, Janne, Van Dyck, Matthew, Boone, Jan, Derave, Wim, Heyse, Bjorn, Bourgois, Jan G
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Apnea - metabolism
Apnea - physiopathology
Carbon Dioxide - metabolism
Female
Heart Rate - physiology
Humans
Hypercapnia - metabolism
Hypercapnia - physiopathology
Hypoxia - physiopathology
Male
Oxygen - blood
Oxygen - metabolism
Oxygen Consumption - physiology
Oxygen Saturation - physiology
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Summary:Apnea duration is dependent on three factors: oxygen storage, oxygen consumption, hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. While current literature focuses on maximal apneas to improve apnea duration, apnea trained individuals use timed-repeated submaximal apneas, called "O and CO tables". These tables claim to accommodate the body to cope with hypoxia and hypercapnia, respectively. The aim of this study was twofold. First, to investigate the determinants of maximal apnea duration in apnea novices. Second, to compare physiologic responses to maximal apneas, O and CO tables. After medical screening, lung function test and hemoglobin mass measurement, twenty-eight apnea novices performed three apnea protocols in random order: maximal apneas, O table and CO table. During apnea, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO ), heart rate (HR), muscle (mTOI) and cerebral (cTOI) tissue oxygenation index were measured continuously. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO ) was measured before and after apneas. Larger lung volumes, higher resting cTOI and lower resting EtCO levels correlated with longer apnea durations. Maximal apneas induced greater decreases in SpO (- 16%) and cTOI (- 13%) than O (- 8%; - 8%) and CO tables (- 6%; - 6%), whereas changes in EtCO , HR and mTOI did not differ between protocols. These results suggest that, in apnea novices, O and CO tables did not induce a more profound hypoxia and hypercapnia, but a similar reduction in oxygen consumption than maximal apneas. Therefore, apnea novices should mainly focus on maximal apneas to improve hypoxia and hypercapnia tolerance. The use of specific lung training protocols can help to increase oxygen storage capacity.
ISSN:1439-6327
DOI:10.1007/s00421-024-05563-7