Bulk-independent surface oxide composition controls the electrochemical performance of high-entropy alloys

• Published in: Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability Materials for energy and sustainability, 2024-08, Vol.12 (34), p.22565-22575
• Main Authors: Kogler, Matthias, Olgiati, Matteo, Ostermann, Markus, Rachle, Philipp, Gahlawat, Soniya, Valtiner, Markus, Pichler, Christian M
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acidic oxides; Alloying elements; Alloys; Binary alloys; Catalytic activity; Chemical reactions; Chemical synthesis; Chemistry; Chromium; Composition effects; Electrochemical analysis; Electrochemistry; Entropy; High entropy alloys; Ion scattering; Ion scattering spectroscopy; Iron; Oxygen evolution reactions; Spectroscopy; Ternary alloys; Water splitting
• ISSN: 2050-7488; 2050-7496
• DOI: 10.1039/d4ta03619k

Multi-element alloys and high-entropy alloys show promising electrocatalytic behavior for water splitting and other catalytic reactions, due to their highly tunable composition. While preparation and synthesis of these materials are thoroughly investigated, the true reactive surface composition is still not well understood, as it may significantly differ from the bulk composition. Precise knowledge and understanding of resulting surface composition is crucial for effective control of the electrocatalytic performance. In this work, low energy ion scattering spectroscopy was applied to determine the surface oxide composition of a series of Ni-based multi-metallic alloys with Mn, Fe, Co, and Cr under alkaline, neutral and acidic conditions. The composition of the surface oxide was investigated with sub-nanometer depth resolution. In electrochemical tests, good catalytic activity was found for the oxygen evolution reaction, although a strong dependence on the selected reaction conditions was observed. The surface composition under OER conditions deviates significantly from the bulk composition. No significant benefit of high entropy alloying compared with binary or ternary alloys concerning catalytic OER performance was found. Low-energy ion scattering revealed the true reactive surface composition of high-entropy alloys, differing significantly from the bulk. No significant enhancement in OER performance was observed with high-entropy alloying compared to simpler alloys.