Testing of Retail Cheese, Butter, Ice Cream, and Other Dairy Products for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the US

• Published in: Journal of food protection 2024-12, Vol.88 (1), p.100431, Article 100431
• Main Authors: Suarez, David L., Goraichuk, Iryna V., Killmaster, Lindsay, Spackman, Erica, Clausen, Nicole J., Colonius, Tristan J., Leonard, Cynthia L., Metz, Monica L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cheese; Dairy cows; Highly pathogenic avian influenza; Milk; Retail dairy sample survey; Zoonotic infection
• ISSN: 0362-028X; 1944-9097; 1944-9097
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100431

•In March of 2024, it was identified that dairy cows in milk production could be infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza and that the virus could be found in high levels in milk creating concern for consumer exposure.•Improved methods were developed to test for avian influenza in dairy products including cheese and butter which allows for routine sampling.•A retail dairy product survey was conducted that found highly pathogenic avian influenza viral RNA in both milk, cheese, butter, and ice cream, but confirmatory testing found no live virus in any sample supporting that pasteurization was effective.•The highly pathogenic avian influenza viral RNA was sequenced and shown to be closely related to recent bovine outbreak viruses. The recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in dairy cows has created public health concerns about the potential of consumers being exposed to live virus from commercial dairy products. Previous studies support that pasteurization effectively inactivates avian influenza in milk and an earlier retail milk survey showed viral RNA, but no live virus could be detected in the dairy products tested. Because of the variety of products and processing methods in which milk is used, additional product testing was conducted to determine if HPAI viral RNA could be detected in retail dairy samples, and for positive samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) further testing for the presence of live virus. Revised protocols were developed to extract RNA from solid dairy products including cheese and butter. The solid dairy product was mechanically liquified with garnet and zirconium beads in a bead beater diluted 1–4 with BHI media. This preprocessing step was suitable in allowing efficient RNA extraction with standard methods. Trial studies were conducted with different cheese types with spiked-in avian influenza virus to show that inoculation of the liquified cheese into embryonating chicken eggs was not toxic to the embryos and allowed virus replication. A total of 167 retail dairy samples, including a variety of cheeses, butter, ice cream, and fluid milk were collected as part of a nationwide survey. A total of 17.4% (29/167) of the samples had detectable viral RNA by qRT-PCR targeting the matrix gene, but all PCR-positive samples were negative for live virus after testing with embryonating egg inoculation. The viral RNA was also evaluated by sequencing part of the hemagglutinin gene using a revised protocol