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Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise
This study investigated the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine (C), ephedrine (E) and their combination (C+E) on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, eight male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at a power output that led to exh...
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Published in: | European journal of applied physiology 1998-04, Vol.77 (5), p.427-433 |
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container_title | European journal of applied physiology |
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creator | BELL, D. G JACOBS, I ZAMECNIK, J |
description | This study investigated the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine (C), ephedrine (E) and their combination (C+E) on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, eight male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at a power output that led to exhaustion after about 12.6 min during a placebo (P) control trial. They did this 1.5 h after ingesting either C (5 mg x kg[-1]), E (1 mg x kg[-1]), C+E, or P. Trials were separated by 1 week. Venous blood was sampled before and during exercise. The mean (SD) times to exhaustion were 12.6 (3.1) (P), 14.4 (4.1) (C), 15.0 (5.7) (E) and 17.5 (5.8) (C+E) min. Only the C+E treatment significantly increased time to exhaustion compared to P. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were similar during exercise for all trials. Heart rate during exercise was significantly increased for the C+E and C trials compared to P. Subjective ratings of perceived exertion during exercise were significantly lower after C+E compared to P. All treatments significantly increased lactate levels. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased by C ingestion. Glycerol levels were increased by C+E and C ingestion. Glucose levels were also higher with the drug treatments compared to P. Increased monamine availability after C+E treatment was suggested by measurements of catecholamines and dopamine. In conclusion, the combination of C+E significantly prolonged exercise time to exhaustion compared to P, while neither C nor E treatments alone significantly changed time to exhaustion. The improved performance was attributed to increased central nervous system stimulation. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s004210050355 |
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G ; JACOBS, I ; ZAMECNIK, J</creator><creatorcontrib>BELL, D. G ; JACOBS, I ; ZAMECNIK, J</creatorcontrib><description>This study investigated the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine (C), ephedrine (E) and their combination (C+E) on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, eight male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at a power output that led to exhaustion after about 12.6 min during a placebo (P) control trial. They did this 1.5 h after ingesting either C (5 mg x kg[-1]), E (1 mg x kg[-1]), C+E, or P. Trials were separated by 1 week. Venous blood was sampled before and during exercise. The mean (SD) times to exhaustion were 12.6 (3.1) (P), 14.4 (4.1) (C), 15.0 (5.7) (E) and 17.5 (5.8) (C+E) min. Only the C+E treatment significantly increased time to exhaustion compared to P. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were similar during exercise for all trials. Heart rate during exercise was significantly increased for the C+E and C trials compared to P. Subjective ratings of perceived exertion during exercise were significantly lower after C+E compared to P. All treatments significantly increased lactate levels. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased by C ingestion. Glycerol levels were increased by C+E and C ingestion. Glucose levels were also higher with the drug treatments compared to P. Increased monamine availability after C+E treatment was suggested by measurements of catecholamines and dopamine. In conclusion, the combination of C+E significantly prolonged exercise time to exhaustion compared to P, while neither C nor E treatments alone significantly changed time to exhaustion. The improved performance was attributed to increased central nervous system stimulation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0301-5548</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1025</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s004210050355</identifier><identifier>PMID: 9562293</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EJAPCK</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin: Springer</publisher><subject>Adult ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blood Glucose - metabolism ; Caffeine - administration & dosage ; Caffeine - pharmacology ; Carbon Dioxide - physiology ; Dopamine - blood ; Drug Synergism ; Ephedrine - administration & dosage ; Ephedrine - pharmacology ; Epinephrine - blood ; Exercise - physiology ; Exercise Test ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood ; General and cellular metabolism. Vitamins ; Glycerol - blood ; Heart Rate - drug effects ; Heart Rate - physiology ; Humans ; Lactic Acid - blood ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Muscle Fatigue - drug effects ; Muscle Fatigue - physiology ; Norepinephrine - blood ; Oxygen Consumption - drug effects ; Oxygen Consumption - physiology ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Physical Fitness - physiology ; Respiration - drug effects ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 1998-04, Vol.77 (5), p.427-433</ispartof><rights>1998 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-cc61cd359332bb367d52745dfb393c2917e9b7b6083a155c578565380571b3fb3</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2189605$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9562293$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>BELL, D. G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JACOBS, I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ZAMECNIK, J</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol</addtitle><description>This study investigated the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine (C), ephedrine (E) and their combination (C+E) on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, eight male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at a power output that led to exhaustion after about 12.6 min during a placebo (P) control trial. They did this 1.5 h after ingesting either C (5 mg x kg[-1]), E (1 mg x kg[-1]), C+E, or P. Trials were separated by 1 week. Venous blood was sampled before and during exercise. The mean (SD) times to exhaustion were 12.6 (3.1) (P), 14.4 (4.1) (C), 15.0 (5.7) (E) and 17.5 (5.8) (C+E) min. Only the C+E treatment significantly increased time to exhaustion compared to P. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were similar during exercise for all trials. Heart rate during exercise was significantly increased for the C+E and C trials compared to P. Subjective ratings of perceived exertion during exercise were significantly lower after C+E compared to P. All treatments significantly increased lactate levels. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased by C ingestion. Glycerol levels were increased by C+E and C ingestion. Glucose levels were also higher with the drug treatments compared to P. Increased monamine availability after C+E treatment was suggested by measurements of catecholamines and dopamine. In conclusion, the combination of C+E significantly prolonged exercise time to exhaustion compared to P, while neither C nor E treatments alone significantly changed time to exhaustion. The improved performance was attributed to increased central nervous system stimulation.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blood Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>Caffeine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Caffeine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Carbon Dioxide - physiology</subject><subject>Dopamine - blood</subject><subject>Drug Synergism</subject><subject>Ephedrine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Ephedrine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Epinephrine - blood</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise Test</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood</subject><subject>General and cellular metabolism. Vitamins</subject><subject>Glycerol - blood</subject><subject>Heart Rate - drug effects</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lactic Acid - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Muscle Fatigue - drug effects</subject><subject>Muscle Fatigue - physiology</subject><subject>Norepinephrine - blood</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - drug effects</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Physical Fitness - physiology</subject><subject>Respiration - drug effects</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><issn>0301-5548</issn><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1432-1025</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1998</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpVkM1LxDAQxYMo67p69CjkIJ6s5qPTtEdZ1g9Y8KLnkqbTbWTbrkkK7n9vdIsgDMxj5jcP5hFyydkdZ0zde8ZSERUwCXBE5jyVIuFMwDGZM8l4ApDmp-TM-w_GBCukmpFZAZkQhZwTu2oaNMHToaFGR217vKW4a7F2UVLd1zS0aB01Q1fZXgc79DRWsB3SMFD8avXof6f1GE82tLWbNrF9wN7bsI8AOmM9npOTRm89Xkx9Qd4fV2_L52T9-vSyfFgnRqZ5SIzJuKklFFKKqpKZqkGoFOqmkoU0ouAKi0pVGcul5gAGVA4ZyJyB4pWM1ILcHHx3bvgc0Yeys97gdqt7HEZf8jyHGI-KYHIAjRu8d9iUO2c77fYlZ-VPtOW_aCN_NRmPVYf1Hz1lGffX0157o7eN0338-w8TPC8yBvIbvi2AWQ</recordid><startdate>19980401</startdate><enddate>19980401</enddate><creator>BELL, D. G</creator><creator>JACOBS, I</creator><creator>ZAMECNIK, J</creator><general>Springer</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19980401</creationdate><title>Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise</title><author>BELL, D. G ; JACOBS, I ; ZAMECNIK, J</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-cc61cd359332bb367d52745dfb393c2917e9b7b6083a155c578565380571b3fb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1998</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blood Glucose - metabolism</topic><topic>Caffeine - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Caffeine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Carbon Dioxide - physiology</topic><topic>Dopamine - blood</topic><topic>Drug Synergism</topic><topic>Ephedrine - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Ephedrine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Epinephrine - blood</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Exercise Test</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood</topic><topic>General and cellular metabolism. Vitamins</topic><topic>Glycerol - blood</topic><topic>Heart Rate - drug effects</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lactic Acid - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Muscle Fatigue - drug effects</topic><topic>Muscle Fatigue - physiology</topic><topic>Norepinephrine - blood</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - drug effects</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</topic><topic>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</topic><topic>Physical Fitness - physiology</topic><topic>Respiration - drug effects</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>BELL, D. G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>JACOBS, I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>ZAMECNIK, J</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>BELL, D. G</au><au>JACOBS, I</au><au>ZAMECNIK, J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol</addtitle><date>1998-04-01</date><risdate>1998</risdate><volume>77</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>427</spage><epage>433</epage><pages>427-433</pages><issn>0301-5548</issn><issn>1439-6319</issn><eissn>1432-1025</eissn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><coden>EJAPCK</coden><abstract>This study investigated the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine (C), ephedrine (E) and their combination (C+E) on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise. Using a repeated-measures, double-blind design, eight male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at a power output that led to exhaustion after about 12.6 min during a placebo (P) control trial. They did this 1.5 h after ingesting either C (5 mg x kg[-1]), E (1 mg x kg[-1]), C+E, or P. Trials were separated by 1 week. Venous blood was sampled before and during exercise. The mean (SD) times to exhaustion were 12.6 (3.1) (P), 14.4 (4.1) (C), 15.0 (5.7) (E) and 17.5 (5.8) (C+E) min. Only the C+E treatment significantly increased time to exhaustion compared to P. Oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE) and the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were similar during exercise for all trials. Heart rate during exercise was significantly increased for the C+E and C trials compared to P. Subjective ratings of perceived exertion during exercise were significantly lower after C+E compared to P. All treatments significantly increased lactate levels. Free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased by C ingestion. Glycerol levels were increased by C+E and C ingestion. Glucose levels were also higher with the drug treatments compared to P. Increased monamine availability after C+E treatment was suggested by measurements of catecholamines and dopamine. In conclusion, the combination of C+E significantly prolonged exercise time to exhaustion compared to P, while neither C nor E treatments alone significantly changed time to exhaustion. The improved performance was attributed to increased central nervous system stimulation.</abstract><cop>Berlin</cop><pub>Springer</pub><pmid>9562293</pmid><doi>10.1007/s004210050355</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adult Biological and medical sciences Blood Glucose - metabolism Caffeine - administration & dosage Caffeine - pharmacology Carbon Dioxide - physiology Dopamine - blood Drug Synergism Ephedrine - administration & dosage Ephedrine - pharmacology Epinephrine - blood Exercise - physiology Exercise Test Fatty Acids, Nonesterified - blood General and cellular metabolism. Vitamins Glycerol - blood Heart Rate - drug effects Heart Rate - physiology Humans Lactic Acid - blood Male Medical sciences Muscle Fatigue - drug effects Muscle Fatigue - physiology Norepinephrine - blood Oxygen Consumption - drug effects Oxygen Consumption - physiology Pharmacology. Drug treatments Physical Fitness - physiology Respiration - drug effects Time Factors |
title | Effects of caffeine, ephedrine and their combination on time to exhaustion during high-intensity exercise |
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