The Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Its Diversity and Behavior in the Human Circulation

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2023-03, Vol.24 (6), p.5747
• Main Authors: Itabe, Hiroyuki, Obama, Takashi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Arteriosclerosis; Atherosclerosis; Atherosclerosis - etiology; Blood lipids; Blood plasma; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - complications; Cholesterol; Development and progression; Electronegativity; Enzymes; High density lipoprotein; Human acts; Human behavior; Humans; Hypothetical particles; Ligands; Lipids; Lipoprotein A; Lipoproteins; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL; Low density lipoprotein; Low density lipoprotein receptors; Low density lipoproteins; Medical research; Membrane lipids; Monoclonal antibodies; Oxidation; Phospholipids; Plasma; Proteins; Review; Risk Factors
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065747

A high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in circulation has been well-known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) in atherosclerotic lesions and circulation was demonstrated using anti-oxLDL monoclonal antibodies. The so-called "oxLDL hypothesis", as a mechanism for atherosclerosis development, has been attracting attention for decades. However, the oxLDL has been considered a hypothetical particle since the oxLDL present in vivo has not been fully characterized. Several chemically modified LDLs have been proposed to mimic oxLDLs. Some of the subfractions of LDL, especially Lp(a) and electronegative LDL, have been characterized as oxLDL candidates as oxidized phospholipids that stimulate vascular cells. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) and oxLDL were discovered immunologically in vivo. Recently, an oxLDL-oxHDL complex was found in human plasma, suggesting the involvement of HDLs in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins in vivo. In this review, we summarize our understanding of oxidized lipoproteins and propose a novel standpoint to understand the oxidized lipoproteins present in vivo.