The Expression of Insulin in the Central Nervous System: What Have We Learned So Far?

After being discovered over a century ago, insulin was long considered to be a hormone exclusively produced by the pancreas. Insulin presence was later discovered in the brain, which was originally accounted for by its transport across the blood-brain barrier. Considering that both insulin mRNA and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2023-04, Vol.24 (7), p.6586
Main Authors: Dakic, Tamara, Jevdjovic, Tanja, Lakic, Iva, Ruzicic, Aleksandra, Jasnic, Nebojsa, Djurasevic, Sinisa, Djordjevic, Jelena, Vujovic, Predrag
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Blood-brain barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier - metabolism
Brain
Brain research
Central nervous system
Central Nervous System - metabolism
Cerebellum
Dextrose
Gene expression
Glucose
Glucose metabolism
Humans
Hypothalamus
Insulin
Insulin - metabolism
Insulin, Regular, Human
Kinases
Learning
mRNA
Nervous system
Neurons
Neuroprotection
Olfactory bulb
Pancreas
Peptides
Rabbits
Review
RNA
Somatotropin
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Summary:After being discovered over a century ago, insulin was long considered to be a hormone exclusively produced by the pancreas. Insulin presence was later discovered in the brain, which was originally accounted for by its transport across the blood-brain barrier. Considering that both insulin mRNA and insulin were detected in the central nervous system (CNS), it is now known that this hormone is also synthesized in several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral and cerebellar cortex, and olfactory bulb. Although many roles of insulin in the CNS have been described, it was initially unknown which of them could be attributed to brain-derived and which to pancreatic insulin or whether their actions in the brain overlap. However, more and more studies have been emerging lately, focusing solely on the roles of brain-derived insulin. The aim of this review was to present the latest findings on the roles of brain-derived insulin, including neuroprotection, control of growth hormone secretion, and regulation of appetite and neuronal glucose uptake. Lastly, the impairment of signaling initiated by brain-derived insulin was addressed in regard to memory decline in humans.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms24076586