Scoping review: longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health

• Published in: European child & adolescent psychiatry 2024-05, Vol.33 (5), p.1257-1312
• Main Authors: Wolf, Kristin, Schmitz, Julian
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescents; Child; Child & adolescent mental health; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Children; Clinical decision making; Clinical outcomes; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - psychology; Decision making; Economic factors; Economic status; Family relations; Health indicators; Health problems; Health status; Humans; Loneliness; Longitudinal Studies; Measures; Medical decision making; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mental Disorders - epidemiology; Mental Disorders - psychology; Mental Health; Mental health care; Mental health services; Pandemics; Parents & parenting; Prioritizing; Psychiatry; Psychological distress; Psychological well being; Psychopathology; Qualitative research; Review; SARS-CoV-2; Self control; Self regulation; Social interactions; Social support; Socioeconomic factors; Socioeconomic status; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Systematic review; Well being
• ISSN: 1018-8827; 1435-165X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02206-8

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures have massively changed the daily lives of billions of children and adolescents worldwide. To investigate the global longitudinal effects on various mental health outcomes over a period of 1.5 years, we conducted a scoping review in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We included the peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and APA PsycInfo that were published between December 2019 and December 2021, followed a longitudinal or repeated cross-sectional design, and quantitatively assessed with clinical questionnaires the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic or a related stressor on mental health indicators in community samples of children and adolescents. The results of our qualitative analysis of 69 studies indicate a general trend of less psychological well-being and more mental health problems, such as heightened stress, and depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic. Data suggest that both protection measure intensity and infection dynamics were positively associated with severity of the psychopathology. The most reported influencing factors were age, gender, socio-economic status, previous state of mental and physical health, self-regulation abilities, parental mental health, parenting quality, family functioning, social support, isolation and loneliness, health-related worries, and consistent routines and structure. Our results demonstrate that children and adolescents worldwide have experienced more mental health problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They call for improved access to child and adolescent mental health care and prioritisation of child and adolescent welfare in political decision making.