Hydralazine‐augmented contrast ultrasound imaging improves the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma

• Published in: Medical physics (Lancaster) 2023-03, Vol.50 (3), p.1728-1735
• Main Authors: Sultan, Laith R., Karmacharya, Mrigendra B., Al‐Hasani, Maryam, Cary, Theodore W., Sehgal, Chandra M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; cancer imaging; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - diagnostic imaging; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology; Contrast Media; contrast‐enhanced ultrasound; hepatocellular carcinoma; Humans; hydralazine; Hydralazine - pharmacology; imaging biomarkers; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging; Liver Neoplasms - pathology; Rats; tumor detection; Ultrasonography
• ISSN: 0094-2405; 2473-4209
• DOI: 10.1002/mp.16232

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection with B‐mode and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CUS) imaging often varies between subjects, especially in patients with background cirrhosis. Various factors contribute to this variability, including the tumor blood flow, tumor size, internal echoes, and its location in livers with diffuse fibro‐cirrhotic changes. Objective Towards improving lesion detection, this study evaluates a vasodilator, hydralazine, to enhance the visibility of HCC by reducing its blood flow relative to the surrounding liver tissue. Methods HCC were analyzed for tumor visibility measured for B‐mode, CUS, and hydralazine‐augmented‐contrast ultrasound (HyCUS) in an autochthonous HCC rat model. 21 tumors from 12 rats were studied. B‐mode and CUS images were acquired before hydralazine injection. Rats received an intravenous hydralazine injection of 5 mg/kg, then images were acquired 20 min later. Four rats were used as controls. The difference in echo intensity of the lesion and the surrounding tissue was used to determine the visibility index (VI). Results The visibility index for HCC was found to be significantly improved with the use of HyCUS imaging compared to traditional B‐mode and CUS imaging. The visibility index for HCC was 16.5 ± 2.8 for HyCUS, compared to 5.3 ± 4.8 for B‐mode and 4.1 ± 3.8 for CUS. The differences between HyCUS and the other imaging modalities were statistically significant, with p‐values of 0.001 and 0.02, respectively. Additionally, when compared to control cases, HyCUS showed higher discrimination of HCC (VI = 6.4 ± 1.2) with a p‐value of 0.003, while B‐mode (VI = 6.7 ± 1.4, p = 0.5) and CUS (VI = 6.4 ± 1.2, p = 0.3) showed lower discrimination. Conclusion Vascular blood flow modulation by hydralazine enhances the visibility of HCC. HyCUS offers a potential problem‐solving method for detecting HCC when B‐mode and CUS are unsuccessful, especially with background fibro‐cirrhotic liver disease. Future evaluation of the approach in humans will determine its translatability for clinical applications.