Reconsidering the environmental Kuznets curve, pollution haven, and pollution halo hypotheses with carbon efficiency in China: A dynamic ARDL simulations approach

Given a new perspective on the environmental hypothesis, this paper systematically investigates the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), pollution haven, and pollution halo hypotheses using carbon efficiency as the dependent variable. Applying the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2023-06, Vol.30 (26), p.68163-68176
Main Authors: Ozkan, Oktay, Coban, Mustafa Necati, Iortile, Iormom Bruce, Usman, Ojonugwa
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide - analysis
China
Dependent variables
Earth and Environmental Science
Economic Development
Ecotoxicology
Efficiency
Energy efficiency
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental effects
Environmental Health
Environmental Kuznets curve
Environmental Pollution - analysis
Environmental quality
Environmental science
Hypotheses
Investments
Pollution
Research Article
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:Given a new perspective on the environmental hypothesis, this paper systematically investigates the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), pollution haven, and pollution halo hypotheses using carbon efficiency as the dependent variable. Applying the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations based on the annual time series data over the period 1990–2019, the study found that real GDP per capita has negative effects on China’s environmental quality both in the short and long run, whereas the square of real GDP per capita has positive impacts. This validates the EKC hypothesis for China. Furthermore, foreign direct investment has negative effects on environmental quality in China, implying that the case of China exemplifies the pollution haven hypothesis and not the pollution halo hypothesis. The empirical results also demonstrate that energy efficiency and trade openness improve China’s environmental quality both in the short run and long run. These findings, therefore, provide insights into achieving the ambitious climate goals in China by 2050.
ISSN:1614-7499
0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-26671-5