Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes

Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant im...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 2024-04, Vol.274 (3), p.583-593
Main Authors: Di Nicola, Marco, Pepe, Maria, De Mori, Lorenzo, Ferrara, Ottavia Marianna, Panaccione, Isabella, Sani, Gabriele
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Antidepressants
Antidepressive Agents - therapeutic use
Anxiety
Cognition
Cognitive ability
COVID-19
COVID-19 - complications
Depression - drug therapy
Depression - etiology
Depressive Disorder, Major - psychology
Female
Humans
Inflammation
Inflammation - drug therapy
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mental depression
Neurosciences
Original Paper
Patients
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychiatry
Questionnaires
Retrospective Studies
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Summary:Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant immune-inflammatory alterations. This study aimed to retrospectively characterize post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) and to evaluate the effects of antidepressants on physical and cognitive correlates of depression, in addition to mood, anxiety, and underlying inflammatory status. We evaluated 116 patients (44.8% males, 51.1 ± 17 years) with post-COVID-19 first-onset (38.8%) and recurrent (61.2%) MDE at baseline and after one- and three-month treatment with antidepressants (31% SSRIs, 25.9% SNRIs, 43.1% others). We assessed sociodemographic and clinical features and psychopathological dimensions through: Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales; Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire; Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-items. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated to measure inflammation levels. Alongside the reduction of depression and anxiety ( p  
ISSN:0940-1334
1433-8491
DOI:10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7