Association Between Cycle Threshold Value and Vaccination Status Among Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant Cases in Ontario, Canada, in December 2021

• Published in: Open forum infectious diseases 2023-06, Vol.10 (6), p.ofad282-ofad282
• Main Authors: Ravindran, Saranyah, Gubbay, Jonathan B, Cronin, Kirby, Sullivan, Ashleigh, Zygmunt, Austin, Johnson, Karen, Buchan, Sarah A, Parpia, Alyssa S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Disease transmission; Immunization; Major; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Vaccines
• ISSN: 2328-8957; 2328-8957
• DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad282

Abstract Background Increased immune evasion by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants and occurrence of breakthrough infections raise questions about whether coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination status affects SARS-CoV-2 viral load among those infected. This study examined the relationship between cycle threshold (Ct) value, which is inversely associated with viral load, and vaccination status at the onset of the Omicron wave onset in Ontario, Canada. Methods Using linked provincial databases, we compared median Ct values across vaccination status among polymerase chain reaction–confirmed Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 cases (sublineages B.1.1.529, BA.1, and BA.1.1) between 6 and 30 December 2021. Cases were presumed to be Omicron based on S-gene target failure. We estimated the relationship between vaccination status and Ct values using multiple linear regression, adjusting for age group, sex, and symptom status. Results Of the 27 029 presumed Omicron cases in Ontario, the majority were in individuals who had received a complete vaccine series (87.7%), followed by unvaccinated individuals (8.1%), and those who had received a booster dose (4.2%). The median Ct value for post–booster dose individuals (18.3 [interquartile range, 15.4–22.3]) was significantly higher than that for unvaccinated (17.9 [15.2–21.6]; P = .02) and post–vaccine series individuals (17.8 [15.3–21.5]; P = .005). Post–booster dose cases remained associated with a significantly higher median Ct value than cases in unvaccinated individuals (P ≤ .001), after adjustment for covariates. Compared with values in persons aged 18–29 years, Ct values were significantly lower among most age groups >50 years. Conclusions While slightly lower Ct values were observed among unvaccinated individuals infected with Omicron compared with post–booster dose cases, further research is required to determine whether a significant difference in secondary transmission exists between these groups. Irrespective of age group, sex, and vaccination status, the population-level cycle threshold values were low, with minimal clinical difference among presumed coronavirus disease 2019 Omicron cases at the beginning of the Omicron wave in Ontario, Canada.