Factors impacting the efficacy of the in-situ vaccine with CpG and OX40 agonist

• Published in: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy Immunotherapy, 2023-07, Vol.72 (7), p.2459-2471
• Main Authors: Pieper, Alexander A., Spiegelman, Dan V., Felder, Mildred A. R., Feils, Arika S., Tsarovsky, Noah W., Zaborek, Jen, Morris, Zachary S., Erbe, Amy K., Rakhmilevich, Alexander L., Sondel, Paul M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agonists; Animals; Cancer immunotherapy; Cancer Research; Cell activation; Combined vaccines; CTLA-4 protein; Genotype & phenotype; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Immunology; Immunotherapy - methods; Lymphocytes T; Lymphoma; Macrophages; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Melanoma; Melanoma - genetics; Mice; Oncology; Phenotypes; Receptors, OX40; T-Lymphocytes; Tumor necrosis factor; Tumors; Vaccines
• ISSN: 0340-7004; 1432-0851
• DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03433-3

Background The in-situ vaccine using CpG oligodeoxynucleotide combined with OX40 agonist antibody (CpG + OX40) has been shown to be an effective therapy activating an anti-tumor T cell response in certain settings. The roles of tumor volume, tumor model, and the addition of checkpoint blockade in the efficacy of CpG + OX40 in-situ vaccination remains unknown. Methods Mice bearing flank tumors (B78 melanoma or A20 lymphoma) were treated with combinations of CpG, OX40, and anti-CTLA-4. Tumor growth and survival were monitored. In vivo T cell depletion, tumor cell phenotype, and tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) studies were performed. Tumor cell sensitivity to CpG and macrophages were evaluated in vitro. Results As tumor volumes increased in the B78 (one-tumor) and A20 (one-tumor or two-tumor) models, the anti-tumor efficacy of the in-situ vaccine decreased. In vitro, CpG had a direct effect on A20 proliferation and phenotype and an indirect effect on B78 proliferation via macrophage activation. As A20 tumors progressed in vivo, tumor cell phenotype changed, and T cells became more involved in the local CpG + OX40 mediated anti-tumor response. In mice with larger tumors that were poorly responsive to CpG + OX40, the addition of anti-CTLA-4 enhanced the anti-tumor efficacy in the A20 but not B78 models. Conclusions Increased tumor volume negatively impacts the anti-tumor capability of CpG + OX40 in-situ vaccine. The addition of checkpoint blockade augmented the efficacy of CpG + OX40 in the A20 but not B78 model. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple preclinical model conditions when assessing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy regimens and their translation to clinical testing.